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Cultural De bourninants of dreadism EssayOrchestrated objectives at heart well- nonionised terrorist groups suggest that principles of organizational psychological science apply to terrorist organizations, under the heathenish influence of each unmatched (Borum, 2004). at that place is much cause for optimism in determineing terrorist organizations, for as Alder and Gunderson (2008) write, Luckily, we form learned that global multiplexity is neither unpredictable nor random (p. v). The c on the whole told for explore has never been more(prenominal) pressing. Introduction Terrorism is an gnarled subject, evading precise semipolitical, jurisprudential, and ethnical commentary (Oliveri, 2008, p. 49). It depends upon the definition of terrorism. With over 100 definitions, this is non an easy working class there is no common understanding of what constitutes terrorism no clear and universally acknowledged definition actually exists (Franks, 2007, p. 2). The definit ion Munger (2006) proposes that is used for this paper is, Culture is defined as the set of inherited beliefs, attitudes, and clean strictures that a people use to distinguish outsiders, to understand themselves and to communicate with each other (p. 131).The distinguishing characteristic of them and us is perhaps the fundamental belief generated within refinings that take aims terrorism towards others possible. Whether viewed in terms of extremist Moslem kitchen-gardening or right-wing American socialisation, ethnic identity checks the conflict of ideologies. struggled (2008) says, Terrorism has taken the donnish valet by storm (p. 248). The Psychology of Terrorism plainly became a legitimate academic breeding in 1982 terrorism is far from a new phenomenon, traceable to the French Revolution and the Nihilists of 19th unmatched C Russia (Franks, 2007, p. ). Undoubtedly, it goes much further into the annals of history than the 19th Century, the c in matchless casept of terrorism had no signifying in history until the modern era (Bratkowski, 2005, p. 764). Prior to modernity, terrorism was so much a part of day-by-day civilization it was normal behavior, without a specific word for it. In fact, for well-nigh of Christendom, humankind has always provided a justification for killing and instilling terror in fellow humans (p. 764). It is only recently that most cultures confine placed a label of immorality on selective murder to achieve political or pagan ends.Our species has a protracted history and prehistory of terrorism. One might wonder why terrorism has taken the academic knowledge domain by storm. Insights from Psychology Terrorist violence most really much is deliberate (not impulsive), strategical, and instrumental it is linked to and justified by ideological (e. g. , political, religious) objectives and usually involves a group or multiple actors/supporters (Borum, 2004, p. 17). Since terrorist objectives originate within multi national organizations, principles of organizational psychology apply to all terrorist organizations, under the pagan milieu of the organization in question.What is now certain is that terrorism is not a psychopathological aberration, as was originally thought in psychoanalytical circles (Crenshaw, 1992). Terrorist organizations argon composed of clear-headed ane-on-ones, often with advanced university degrees. Merari (1991) collected empiric data on suicide bombers, and found that psychopathology is almost never a factor in a terrorists profile. In fact, prevalence of mental illness among samples of incarcerated terrorists is as low as or lower than in the general population (Borum, 2004, p. 34).This is a clear indicator that we be dealing with psychologies of organization, and not groups of crazed sociopaths. Survival of the organization, a tenet of organizational psychology, has clear implications for the terrorist mindset (Post, 1989), even though research on the psychol ogy of terrorism largely lacks substance and rigor. small-arm cultural factors are important, much theatre re of imports. Future research should be operationally-informed master(prenominal)tain a behavior based focus and derive interpretations from analyses of incident-related behaviors (Borum, 2004, p. 3).The main bother with such(prenominal) a venture might be that terrorists are not giving interviews or taking surveys. Borum points out that there is a broad spectrum of terrorist groups and organizations, each of which has a disparate psychology, motivation and last making structure (p. 5). This further underscores the need to be on guard against the stereotypical terrorist organization there is none. In a terrorist organization, devil key narcissistic dynamics are a grandiose perceive of self and idealized kindleal imago. If one cant be perfect, at least one can be in a relationship with several(prenominal)thing perfect (Borum, 2004, p. 9). Association with a world esc ort such as Bin load satisfies this need this can lead us back to US culture promulgation and amplifying worldwide terrorism, via the tidings media. Bin Laden often makes the evening watchword, and every time he does, his world stature is elevated, especially in the minds of his followers. It the name Bin Laden was unkn own, how much slight effective would alkali become? Media has rough degree of culpability, if not complicity in promulgating terrorism worldwide by providing free publicity to organizations and their cause.According to Paul Marsden (CPM, 2001, p. 1), the amount of media coverage devoted to these events, by television networks and newspapers, correlates positively with the rise in subsequent copycat events. This is darkly consistent with the substantial body of evidence for suicide contagion the idea that suicides beget suicide. If distraught teenagers copy Columbine style shootings, how much more are suicide round downs from terrorist cells encouraged by wa tching the evening news?Unintentionally but effectively eulogizing mad teens and terrorists alike hold moral implications for the major news media, which need addressing by society. Organizational Psychology provides some insight if a culture perceives it is losing its ability to contribute its share to the world stage, conflict pull up stakes direct (Rahim, 1986 Katz Kahn, 1978). Considering that entire cultures may feel they are losing their ability to contribute because of intervention of external cultures upon their own culture is likely one requisite to the macrocosm of worldwide terror organization formation.Cultural factors of extremist Muslim society While numerous in the West view extremist Muslim terrorism as irrational behavior by deranged individuals, it is perfectly possible to understand terrorism as a rational decision problem, if we accept the premise that culture results (Munger, 2006, p. 132). Islamic societies, not exclusively, but perhaps to a greater ex tent than most other nations, are dedicateted to an idea of the perfectibility of humans in societies, with moral education and imposition and enforcement of moral law (Sharia) based on the Quran (p. 142).This religious hamper adds a great deal of resistance to compromise from outside cultures, and bolsters the extremist elements within Islamic society. more than of the cultural foundation of extremist Muslim culture is their unique interpretation of the Quran The contemporary terrorist wittiness and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and- mephistophelean world views, resist social movements to negotiate. Accommodation, bargaining, and mutually acceptable compromise are not envisioned as possibilities within numerous terrorists mental framework (Smelser Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). It appears that once a terrorist organization is established, the only ways to eliminate it is either when they accomplish their objectives, to destroy them, or to take away their r eason to exist, which testament allow Skinnerian extinction to follow over time. The destroy method is problematic and costly how does one destroy an ideology? Islamic terrorists are well-connected using technology their geographic locality is literally everywhere and nowhere. Culturally-attuned uses of information technology are a major source of cross-cultural influences in the creation and sustaining of terrorist organizations (Bailey Grimaila, 2006, p. 534). Terrorist organizations are expert in spreading and sustaining their ideology around the world. Once indoctrinated into a group, people leave behind generally follow orders, no matter how extreme or violent, as recollective as the individual perceives that the order was issued from the appropriate authority (Milgram, 1965).Cultural influences caused normal students at Stanford to transform into merciless prison guards once wedded the role and the authority, al-Qaeda recruits mold substantially to orders from Bin Laden. Not only do they draw a physical authority, which relieves their individual conscience from objecting, but also they further believe that Allah Himself sanctions Bin Laden and themselves in their efforts to establish Sharia law doneout the world (Bailey Grimaila, 2006). There is substantial agreement that the psychology of terrorism cannot be considered apart from political, historical, familial, group dynamic, organic, and even purely accidental, coincidental factors (Borum, 2004, p. 22). Borum also states, Significant differences exist two in, 1) the nature and level of aggression in different cultures, and 2) aggression can be environmentally manipulated some(prenominal) findings that argue against a universal human instinct of violence (p. 12). Diamond (2004) argues that environmental influences are paramount in understanding why cultures are the way they are.The Fertile Crescent, once the cornerstone of agriculture, became radically altered once all the forests were clear -cut, leaving mostly a barren desert environment. It is interesting to note that the foundation cultures which harbored the seeds of al-Qaeda all come from this former environmental paradise. Therefore, while culture probably has the most influence on the creation of terrorist organizations in the short term today, environment certainly has a large degree of jounce over the long term, and might have a large impact in the short term via militaristic or political manipulation. For many critics, global or hyper terrorism has become an crowning(prenominal) rumination of acutely depressed geopolitical chaos (Ward, 2008, p. 252). Geopolitical chaos produces environments ripe with opportunity for recruiters toward the cause of terrorism. Without addressing and rectifying the jumbled areas of the world, it is highly doubtful, that global terrorism go away end. Cultures that feel oppressed or depraved on the world stage may rise in rebel king of beasts against the oppressing culture(s), with or without religious dictate.Muslim culture is producing the lions share of high-visibility terrorists in the world today (Borum, 2004). One way to understand Muslim culture as it relates to the creation of terrorism is to look at Hofstedes dimensions. Generally, Islamic countries have large inequalities of status, forming a small ruling group, and a large ruled group with unsexed power. Hofstede (2001) shows, those Arab cultures have large author Distance (PDI) (80) and Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) (68). When these two Dimensions are combined, it creates a situation where leaders have nigh ultimate power and authority. It is not unusual for new leadership to arise from armed insurrection the ultimate power, alternatively than from diplomatic or democratic change (Borum, 2004, p. 44). Virtually the only method available for the downtrodden in Arab society to express their need for change is by armed insurrection. This is a valuable insight into the cultural creation of Ara b-based terrorism, possibly the most important one.Naturally, from the terrorists point of view they are not terrorists at all but freedom fighters, fighting with their only available means to enact positive change. Does this mean efforts at establishing democracy in Muslim states are likely to fail? Cultural roots run deep, and are resistant to change by outside cultures (Weiten, 2004), so the question of democracy introduced and established by Westerners is a highly speculative venture. Finally, take the case of a female suicide bomber.It was originally assumed that the untested woman who committed this act was innocent, ignorant, and of questionable morality (Brunner, 2007, p. 961). It is difficult for Westerners to imagine otherwise. Subsequent interviews revealed that she was educated, showed no signs of activated disturbance, and was as highly intelligent and more independent than other girls in her society, but still richly within the range of normal (p. 961). The key poin t is that she was fully within the range of normal, accord to the culture that she grew up within.By not understanding her culture, Western culture had labeled her innocent, ignorant, and immoral, ascendent key factors with which to fully understand why a mentally stable young woman would commit such an act, and more importantly, to be able to deal realistically with the rise of extremist terrorism through with(predicate) a lack of cultural understanding. Cultural factors of the United States There is a cultural precedence of knock-down(a) nations to label other nations as evil a threat to acculturation (Ivie, 2005).In the U. S. , this is a very old cultural theme, deeply ingrained into the political psyche (p. 56). This cross-cultural mindset of sinewy nations is one part in the creation of terrorists in weaker cultures, a type of self-fulfilling prophecy the call to destroy the barbarians that hazard democracy is an ancient one Greece and Rome had equal ongoing open-ended campaigns against terrorists, as does the U. S. today (p. 55).The main trouble with an open-ended campaign is that it never ends another cultural perception that needs adjustment on the world stage in order to arrive at peace in the world. Looking at the cultural history of the US, the savage has always been the object of distain and genocide, in order to make way for civilization (Ivie, 2005). The genocide of indigenous peoples of the North American continent is well documented, even using biological terrorist tactical manoeuvre of germ warfare giving gifts of small-pox laden blankets to Indians without acquired immunity against devastating disease (Diamond, 1997).Oliverio (2008) writes, It was also a matter of common sense that the Aryan race was superior. This taken-for-granted reality of Aryan superiority led to the extermination of millions of American Indians, millions of African slaves bound for America, and countless indigenous cultures throughout the world (p. 21). Powerfu l cultures that label weaker cultures as savages are a powerful impetus to the creation of terrorism. It is a recent habit of the American Right to prosecute war against abstractions (Comaroff, 2007, p. 381).The line among metaphorical and real war, blurred beyond recognition, gives rise to such cultural terms as the war against drugs, the war against poverty, the war against illegal immigration (Sherry, 1995), and has become the streamer of cultural mind-set in America today. Again, the US has a militarized world-view extended to declaring metaphorical wars on disease, crime, engaging in trade wars with foreign competitors, and fighting culture wars with one another (p. 58). Culture wars is the main point in question how can peace ever hold if acts of war against culture prevail?Even the Olympic Games that followed 9/11 became a forum for the core Bush Doctrine (Falcous Silk, 2005). How does the reducing of civil liberties fare with the response to terrorism? Not allowing coll ege professors to speak out against governmental policies associated with the war on terror (Crowson DeBacker, 2008, p. 296) is one form of right-wing authoritarianism that many Americans think needs implementation. A worrisome trend of loss of personal freedoms that some associate with fascism. Taken as a whole, US home(prenominal) and foreign policy regarding oil consumption, and support for oppressive regimes, is set aside in deference to diminutive scrutiny of individual behavior and the forms of moral lassitude associated with a culture of dependency (Hay Andrejevic, 2006, p. 344). So at least part of the U. S. cultural mindset is about securing its own economic interests at the expense of decency and law on the world stage. Many people think that the U. S. would never have bothered with Iraq if they had no strategic oil supplies, especially in the Middle East and Europe. This belief can only inflame world tensions further.Understanding cross-cultural inter-dependencies A surprising interdependency, regards the Bush Administration itself. According to Kellner (2004), not only Jihadists are liable for spectacular acts of terror, but also both Bush tribunals. They deployed Manichean discourses of good and evil which themselves fit into dominant media codes of popular culture that both deploy fundamentalist and absolutist discourses (p. 41). This is highly similar to the contemporary terrorist mentality and culture, which are rooted in absolutist, either-or, good-and-evil world views, resist efforts to negotiate (Smelser Mitchell, 2002, p. 1). The Bush administration openly declares its refusal to communicate with terrorist organizations or states, which is absolutist. We know that incentives flourish within such organizations (Munger, 2006). Incentives usually take two forms 1) recruit members that are prone to obey and please within a cultural setting (e. g. collectivist rather than individualist cultures), and 2) Create a set of incentives that reward loyalty, by giving access to excludable near-public ( lodge) goods (p. 131).Mohammed Atta reportedly was at a strip club spending a lot of money, shouting anti-American slogans, and left a copy of the Quran before he left (USA TODAY, 2001, p. 1). This incident seems to have go under club goods instead of operational funds, because it was the night before the hijackings, and such excessive cash was no longer needed. This says cypher of the influence U. S. culture had on Atta, a devout Muslim going to a strip club, one day before he meets Allah. There is no such thing as a terrorist state, in the absolute sense. Triandis,Bontempo, Villareal, Asai, and Lucca (1988) have shown that national cultures never equate to individual or subgroup cultures, so while a totalitarian governing body may indeed be a terrorist organization, the general populace can in no way be held accountable for the actions of a few. It is a stereotypical mistake to label an entire country as terrorist. It is important to realize that both differences and similarities in behavior occur across and within cultures psychological processes are characterized by both cultural divergence and invariance (Weiten, 2006, p24).Regrettably, quite a few nations are culturally reasonably homogeneous (Hofstede, 1998, p180), and this may mean that a few nations may be mostly extremist in their outlook. Discourses from the Bush administrations paralleled closely to speeches given by Hitler, Pope Urban II, and others an pull to a legitimate power source external to the speaker system an appeal to the importance of the national culture under attack the construction of an evil enemy and an appeal for unification (Graham, Keenan, Dowd, 2004, p. 213).Kellner (2004) feels that the disparity between the vast amount of information freely available to all through multimedia sources, and the narrow vision presented on the major news media via television is a travesty, and a major cultural factor responsible for the deployments of the Bush administrations controlled mass media (p. 61). While arguments that freely available news sources from uncontrolled sources might suggest this no longer to be a cultural factor, culture by nature takes time to change, and most Americans probably place more credence in the evening news than the newer Internet sources (Kellner, 2003).Another example of how cross-cultural misunderstandings regularly occur between nations when one cultural gist organizeer transmits information to another culture, chances of accurate transmission are reduced (Alder Gunderson, 2008, p. 72), and when nations or organizations refuse to send information between cultures as both the Bush administration and the al-Qaeda organization currently do, well-nigh no chance of accurate transmission occurs. Stalemate results and wars go on, indefinitely clear contributors to terrorism.Perhaps nowhere is the question of terrorism more complex than in the European Union European counte rterrorism culture is a difficult concept due to the fact that the regional level of analysis encapsulates a range of different national cultures. Europe has always been a rich mixture of various cultures, and terrorism is a culturally charged term (Rees, 2007, p. 220), hence the difficulty in consensus. Conversely, in China, we could expect to find a integrated definition of terrorism under the centralized government (Diamond, 1997).While China is suspect of using the post-9/11 discourse of counterterrorism to cloak their own domestic priorities (Rees, 2007, p. 224), most of their counterterrorism efforts are likely to gain support with the Chinese public as existence in the accord of the countries best interest China being a collectivistic nation. Terrorists focus their recruitment where sentiments about perceived deprivation are deepest and most pervasive (Borum, 2004). This fosters us to understand why American involvement in Iraq actually attend tos create recruitment oppor tunities for al-Qaeda.Destroyed economies, infrastructure, and family support (via killed family members), create extreme deprivation, desperation to right cultural wrongs, and enrage cultural dictates for retribution (Borum, 2004). It even gives insight into where al-Qaeda might be concentrating recruitment efforts in America. For youth torn between two cultures in a foreign land, identity crisis may result from exposure to the foreign culture, and the chiasm between their parents cultures radicalism offers simple answers to the big questions they are grappling with (Ongering, 2007, p. ). The human tendency to stereotype will easily adapt to simple answers rather than grapple with difficult questions (Weiten, 2004). Extrapolated, it may be easier to recruit a terrorist, than to encumber a person from taking up the cause in the first place. Does cultural pressure on a subgroup help to create violent extremists? Muslim communities in America, Not only had their religion being presen ted incorrectly, but its adherents were being equated with terrorists (Baker, 2006, p. 302).Considering the degree that Muslim communities in the Western world are subject to intensify scrutiny, and even unwarranted acts of violence against them by US citizenry (Ward, 2008), a good assumption is that many young Muslims will adapt an extremist ideology in response to cultural threat (Sirin Fine, 2007), and some of those extremists will turn terrorist. It seems to be a never-ending spiral escalation of one cultural assault upon the other the Crusades continue It is a real Which came first, the chicken or the egg? question. Which side began this milieu of cultural attack and counterattack?Perceptions run the gamut The terrorist presents a story of heroism and necessary generate. The counter-terrorist presents a counter-narrative of defiance and vengeance, replacing the movie of the martyr with that of inhumanity, even bestiality (Ward, 2008, p. 254). We reminded again of weaker cu ltures as savage, and as we have come to see, cross-culturally, nothing could be further from the truth from both extreme perspectives. Another cultural misunderstanding that may have helped to escalate tensions is the perception that the Muslim community in America did not stand up in unison and denounce the acts of 9/11 as atrocious.This initial silent response interpreted by many Americans as tantamount to condoning such acts of terrorism (Munro, 2006). Paradoxically, this lack of public outcry may have been the result of Muslim culture itself, with the majority of Muslims feeling that it was obvious that they had nothing to do with the attacks, and therefore no reason to take a public stand (Munro, 2006). A form of vigilante counter-terrorism develops in American culture, which gives rise to anti-Muslim sentiment and acts of violence (Johnson, 2003).One probable contributing factor is termed Sudden Jihad Syndrome (Pipes, 2006). The perpetrator, for all outward appearances, a you ng Muslim man, well adjusted to Western society, considered friendly one day, without warning, he acted out an independent Jihad, which injured nine students (Pipes, 2006). Such unforeseeable and unpredictable behavior influences non-Muslims to stereotype many Muslims as having the same potential toward Sudden Jihad Syndrome. This of course creates an atmosphere of suspicion and mistrust between cultures how can you tell who the enemy is just by looking at them?Discussion There is no cultural quick fix to this pervasive problem confronting the modern world. The general policy approach has to be adaptive, opportunistic, and multisided. The conventional problem-solving logic so attractive in American culturefind a problem and then fix itis of limited utility, and a longer term, more contextualized approach is necessary (Smelser et al. , 2002, p. 4). For instance, the Global War on Terror (GWOT) as espoused by the Bush Doctrine includes toppling rogue nations as part of the effort to t hwart terrorism (Borum, 2004).Focusing on nation rebuilding of states, that are otherwise subject to deterrent, rather than on organizations that transcend geographic localities and are not subject to deterrent, is a lack of proper cultural understanding of the issues, and will lead to further cultural misunderstandings. It makes sense that if powerful cultures do not make accusations against weaker cultures not understood, or interfere in the sovereign rights of weaker nations, that a large amount of terrorism will fail to manifest by lack of unwanted cultural impetus from foreign powers.One of the biggest troubles seems to be, that powerful countries can arouse their masses which are easily pressed into service to rally the nation, quell fend and effectively inoculate the public against any alternative perspective (Ivie, 2005, p. 56), the main point being to limit any alternative cultural perspectives as being legitimate relative to ones own superior cultural perspective. This is error. An increasingly militarized culture of fear (p. 9), such as is dominant in the US today, and which has been developing over many decades, cannot reduce the threat of terrorism in the world. Indeed, Muslim culture dictates that retribution be demanded when a family member is taken. Each errant US bomb inevitably creates more terrorists (Borum, 2004), cultural deviants are created that never would have existed otherwise. Rumors and hundreds of websites have sprung up claiming that FEMA has erected hundreds of internment camps on American priming coat is a disturbing part of the changing culture in America today.A Google search of American internment camps will pull up hundreds of unsubstantiated claims of such camps, including specific locations further highlighting the cultural atmosphere of increasing paranoia. Finally, what can help encumber Muslim youth in the U. S. from taking a violent path? According to Sirin and Fine (2007)Research that the successful integration of both ones own culture and the dominant culture, leads to more positive developmental outcomeswhereas marginalization, that is disengagement from both cultures, is associated with mental health problems for immigrant youth (p. 52). Society certainly would do well to address issues of marginalization, in order to help prevent future Sudden Jihad Syndrome (Pipes, 2006). Conclusion While this paper has focused mainly on US and Muslim extremist involvement, state and non-state respectively, it is important to remember that many other states and organizations exist which perpetrate terror. Terror is a two way street, with few exceptions. Perhaps the ultimate defense against terrorism is to understand the cultural and cross-cultural causes of it, and with proper knowledge, address the issues at hand.We must avoid stereotypes at all costs, because Nearly all terrorists are extremists, but most extremists are not terrorists (Borum, 2004). Long-term orientation versus short-term orientation (Franke, Hofstede, Bond, 1991) may provide insights into which culture holds greater strength in the GWOT. U. S. culture demands immediate results, and has little tolerance for long term strategies, while extremist Islamic culture is bond by the vision of Mohammed, and is prepared to sacrifice for centuries if need be (Borum, 2004).Fortunately, unnecessary warring between cultures may diminish substantially as one of the biggest single benefits of cross-cultural understanding and application of organizational psychological research (Brislan, 1983). It is argued that we now live in an age of hyperterrorism, where the nature and scale of terrorism has reached a new level, and that the question of How to deal with international terrorism is quickly becoming the defining issue of our age (Ward, 2008, p. 248). It is imperative that we make every effort to understand the cross-cultural determinants of terrorism, regardless of cost.Additionally, terrorism is a discourse that affects all o ur lives, and the collateral argument that terrorism someways validates the occasional abrogation of so many of our most cherished legal principles, is something that should concern all of us (p. 249). Hogan (2006) offers Due to the logistical and analytical challenges of cross-national comparisons, studies to date have concentrated largely on single nations (p. 64). While much work remains, understanding the vast scope of cultural interdependencies that help create terrorism is an extremely complex task yet must be undertaken if we are to come to terms with global terrorism.As Hostede (1998) states, constructs are products of the mind with which we attempt to understand and predict human behavior in an infinitely complex world, and all constructs are flawed to some degree. In an infinitely complex world, we will never alone eradicate terrorism in its many manifestations. Our best hope to eradicate the bulk of organized terrorism is through scientific understanding and conscientiou s application of rational solutions, freed from cultural bias. Culture lies entirely on the nurture side of the ledger, as against nature, or truly nherited traits (Munger, 2006, p. 134). Solutions to the specter of terrorism will manifest through understanding and responding to such cultural nurture. This paper has posited that understanding other cultures can help to reduce tensions between cultures, which give rise to terrorism and counterterrorism conflicts. As Munger (2006) points out, a shared understanding of something that identifies insiders, and excludes outsiders because they do not share this understanding (p. 133), is perhaps the fundamental commonality between conflicting sides.If we can frustrate this exclusionary identity concept, by education and promulgate understanding by either, or both sides, and act upon it with responsible communication between parties, then perhaps modern terrorism as we know it will last end. It may take many years, because established ter rorist organizations are not open to compromise (Smelser Mitchell, 2002), but such efforts may play a large part in helping to prevent future recruitment, and help eliminate the need for terrorist organizations within the cultures that originally spawned them losing their luster they slowly fade from existence.