How the Steel Was Tempered Review Essay Example

How the Steel Was Tempered Review Paper Essay on How the Steel Was Tempered Roman Zs Ostrovsky As tempered steel is one of the so-called commanders books, such as Ovod E.L.Voynich Spartacus Dzhovaloni etc. If the hero Pavel Korchagin Ostrovsky tried to live by Gadfly be a gadfly, millions of Soviet boys and girls wanted to be like Pavel Korchagin. Here is an example: Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya Oleg Mishka, who said that when a number of Pavel, he is not afraid of anything. Their example of courage inspired Pavka, and an example of their courage inspired fighters in WWII. This book pervod into many languages, it was converted into a prison rastprostranyali occupied France, it was read and passed on its content of a sort of test anti-fascists and partisans Western European countries before joining the squad, etc. Over the years, with Ever since the Great destroyed the Soviet power, this book is almost forgotten. From her school program deleted (although now and try to return). Here, finally, we pevaizdali this remarkable book. We are now just do not have enough heroes like Pavel The life of Nikolai A. -.. This bessmetrny example of courage, heroism, fortitude, patriotism, allegiance to Another thing, maybe now another time, a feat similar to that carried out the author and his character, there is no place. Still, if todays youth Sitala books like How the Steel Was Tempered and we would live in a more just society and would go forward to a brighter future. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Steel Was Tempered Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How the Steel Was Tempered Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How the Steel Was Tempered Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sincerely, Commissioner.

Home Depot Implements Stakeholder Orientation Essays

Home Depot Implements Stakeholder Orientation Essays Home Depot Implements Stakeholder Orientation Paper Home Depot Implements Stakeholder Orientation Paper CHAPTER 1 The Importance of Business Ethics SUMMARY This chapter provides an overview of the field of business ethics. It develops a definition of business ethics and discusses why it has become an important topic in business education. It also examines the evolution of business ethics in North America and explores the benefits of ethical decision making in business. Finally, the chapter provides a framework for examining business ethics in this text. LECTURE OUTLINE I. Business Ethics Defined A. Business ethics is a complicated and controversial topic: 1. The field of business ethics concerns questions about whether specific business practices are acceptable. 2. Business ethics is controversial and there is no universally accepted approach for resolving ethical issues. 3. Values and judgments play a critical role in the making of ethical decisions. B. Some special aspects must be considered when applying ethics to business. 1. Businesses must earn a profit to survive. 2. Businesses must balance their desires for profits against the needs and desires of society. 3. Maintaining this balance often requires compromises or tradeoffs. C. Business ethics comprises values and standards that guide behavior in the world of business. D. Principles are specific and pervasive boundaries for behavior that are universal and absolute. E. Values are used to develop norms that are socially enforced. 1. Investors, employees, customers, interest groups, the legal system, and the community often determine whether a specific action is right or wrong and ethical or unethical. II. Why Study Business Ethics? A. A Crisis in Business Ethics 1. Reports of unethical activities (accounting fraud, insider trading, falsifying documents, deceptive advertising, defective products, bribery, abusive behavior, harassment, and employee theft) are cited as evidence of declining ethical standards, not only in business, but also in government, science, and sports. 2. Regardless of what an individual believes about a particular action, if society judges it to be unethical or wrong, whether correctly or not, that judgment directly affects the organization’s ability to achieve its business goals. B. Reasons for Studying Business Ethics 1. Studying business ethics is valuable for several reasons. a. An individual’s personal values and moral philosophies are only one factor in the ethical decision-making process- a person’s personal values and business ethics are not the same thing. b. Being a good person and having sound personal ethics may not be sufficient to handle the ethical issues that arise in a business organization. c. Business strategy decisions involve complex and detailed discussions, and a high level of personal moral development may not prevent an individual from violating the law in an organizational context. d. The values people learn from family, religion, and school may not provide specific guidelines for complex business decisions. 2. Studying business ethics helps businesspeople begin to identify ethical issues, recognize the approaches available to resolve them, learn about the ethical decision-making process and ways to promote ethical behavior, and begin to understand how to cope with conflicts between personal values and organizational values. III. The Development of Business Ethics A. Before 1960: Ethics in Business 1. Prior to 1960 the United States went through several agonizing phases, questioning the concept of capitalism. . In the 1920s, the progressive movement defined a â€Å"living wage† as income sufficient for education, recreation, health, and retirement. Businesses were asked to check unwarranted price increases and any other practices that would hurt a family’s â€Å"living wage. † b. In the 1930s, the New Deal specifically blamed business for the country’s economic woes. Businesses were asked to work more closely with the government to raise family income. c. By the 1950s, the New Deal had evolved into the Fair Deal, defining such matters as civil rights and environmental responsibility as ethical issues that businesses had to address. . Until 1960, ethical issues related to business were often discussed within the domain of theology or philosophy. Individual moral issues related to business were addressed in churches, synagogues, and mosques. a. Within the Roman Catholic Church, social ethics included concern for morality in business, workers’ rights, and living wages, for humanistic values rather than materialistic ones, and for improving the conditions of the poor. b. Protestants developed ethics courses in their seminaries and schools of theology and addressed issues concerning morality and ethics in business. c. Such religious traditions provided a foundation for the future field of business ethics, with each religion applying its moral concepts not only to business but also to government, politics, family, personal life, and all other aspects of life. B. The 1960s: The Rise of Social Issues in Business 1. American society turned to causes, and an antibusiness attitude developed as critics attacked the perceived vested interests that controlled both the economic and political sides of society- the so-called military-industrial complex. 2. The 1960s saw the decay of inner cities and the growth of ecological problems. . The rise of consumerism- activities undertaken by independent individuals, groups, and organizations to protect their rights as consumers- began, and President John F. Kennedy announced a Consumers’ Bill of Rights (the right to safety, the right to be informed, the right to choose, and the right to be heard). 4. Consumer activists, led by Ralph Nader, fought successfully for consumer-protection legislation. 5. Activities that could destabilize the economy or discriminate against any class of citizens began to be viewed as unethical and unlawful. C. The 1970s: Business Ethics as an Emerging Field 1. Business professors began to teach and write about corporate social responsibility: an organization’s obligation to maximize its positive impact on stakeholders and to minimize its negative impact. 2. Philosophers applied ethical theory and philosophical analysis to structure the discipline of business ethics. 3. As social demands grew, many businesses realized that they had to address ethical issues more directly. 4. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was passed during Jimmy Carter’s presidency, making it illegal for U. S. businesses to bribe government officials in other countries. 5. Major business ethics issues had emerged, such as bribery, deceptive advertising, price collusion, product safety, and the environment. 6. Academic researchers sought to identify ethical issues and to describe how businesspeople might choose to act in particular situations. D. The 1980s: Consolidation 1. Membership in business ethics organizations increased, while centers of business ethics provided publications, courses, conferences, and seminars. a. Many firms established ethics and social policy committees to address ethical issues. 2. The Defense Industry Initiative on Business Ethics and Conduct (DII) was developed to guide corporate support for ethical conduct. The DII includes six principles: a. Development and distribution of understandable, detailed codes of conduct. b. Provision of ethics training and development of communication tools to support the periods between training. c. Creation of an open atmosphere in which employees feel comfortable reporting violations, without fear of retribution. . Performance of extensive internal audits and development of effective internal reporting and voluntary disclosure plans. e. Preservation of the integrity of the defense industry. f. Adoption of a philosophy of public accountability. 3. The Reagan/Bush era ushered in the belief that self-regulation, rather than regulation by government, was in the public’s interest. E. The 1990s: Institutionalization of Business Ethics 1. The Clinton administration continued to support self-regulation and free trade, although it strengthened regulation in some areas. 2. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations, which were based on the six principles of the Defense Industry Initiative, codified into law incentives to reward organizations for taking action, such as developing effective internal legal and ethical compliance programs, in order to prevent misconduct,. a. The guidelines mitigate penalties for businesses that strive to root out misconduct and establish high ethical and legal standards. On the other hand, under the FSGO, if a company lacks an effective ethical compliance program and its employees violate the law, it can incur severe penalties. b. The guidelines focus on firms taking action to prevent and detect business misconduct in cooperation with government regulation. F. The Twenty-First Century: A New Focus on Business Ethics 1. New evidence emerged in the early 2000s that more than a few business executives and managers had not fully embraced the public’s desire for high ethical standards. 2. To address a loss of confidence in financial reporting and corporate ethics, Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the most far-reaching change in organizational control and accounting regulations since the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. The law: a. made securities fraud a criminal offense and stiffened penalties for corporate fraud. b. created an accounting oversight board that requires corporations to establish codes of ethics for financial reporting and to develop greater transparency in financial reports to investors and other interested parties. c. requires top executives to sign off on their firms’ financial reports, and they risk fines and long jail sentences if they misrepresent their companies’ financial position. d. requires company executives to disclose stock sales immediately and prohibits companies from giving loans to top managers. . A 2004 amendment to the FSGO requires that a business’s governing authority be well informed about its ethics program with respect to content, implementation, and effectiveness. 4. In spite of legislation promoting better accountability in financial reporting and other measures to improve ethics, public trust of corporations (particularly financial cor porations) is at a very low point. 5. Around the world, the basic assumptions of capitalism are under debate in the wake of the most recent financial industry meltdown and global recession. a. There is a renewed need to address the level of ethical, legal and compliance regulations needed to help businesses serve the public interest. IV. Developing an Organizational and Global Ethical Culture A. The current trend is away from legally based compliance initiatives in organizations and towards cultural initiatives that make ethics a part of core organizational values. 1. To develop more ethical corporate cultures, many businesses are communicating core values to their employees by creating ethics programs and appointing ethics officers to oversee them. 2. The ethical component of a corporate culture relates to the values, beliefs, and established and enforced patterns of conduct that employees use to identify and respond to ethical issues. B. The term ethical culture can be viewed as the character or decision-making process that employees use to determine whether their responses to ethical issues are right or wrong. 1. Is used to describe the component of corporate culture that captures the rules and principles that an organization defines as appropriate conduct. C. Globally, businesses are working more closely together to establish standards of acceptable behavior. . The development of global codes of ethics, such as the Caux Round Table, highlights common ethical concerns for global firms. V. The Benefits of Business Ethics A. The field of business ethics continues to change rapidly as more firms recognize the benefits of improving ethical conduct and the link between business ethics and financial performance. B. Both research and e xamples from the business world demonstrate that building an ethical reputation among employees, customers, and the general public pays off. C. Ethics Contributes to Employee Commitment 1. Employee commitment comes from employees who believe their future is tied to both the future of the organization, and their willingness to make personal sacrifices for that organization. a. The more a company is dedicated to taking care of its employees, the more likely it is that the employees will take care of the organization. b. Issues that may foster the development of an ethical climate for employees include the absence of abusive behavior, a safe work environment, competitive salaries, and the fulfillment of all contractual obligations toward employees, as well as social programs such as stock ownership plans and community service. . Employees’ perception of their firm as having an ethical environment leads to performance-enhancing outcomes within the organization. a. Trusting relationships within an organization between both managers and their subordinates and upper management contribute to greater decision-making efficiencies. b. When employees see values such as hone sty, respect, and trust applied in the workplace, they feel less pressure to compromise ethical standards, observe less misconduct, are more satisfied with their organizations overall, and feel more valued as employees. . Research indicates that the ethical climate of a company matters to employees. D. Ethics Contributes to Investor Loyalty 1. Investors today are increasingly concerned about the ethics, social responsibility, and reputation of companies in which they invest. a. Investors recognize that an ethical climate provides a foundation for efficiency, productivity, and profits, while negative publicity, lawsuits, and fines can lower stock prices, diminish customer loyalty, and threaten a company’s long-term viability. b. Investors look at the bottom line for profits, the potential for increased stock prices or dividends, and for any potential flaws in the company’s performance, conduct, and financial reports. i)Executives may spend considerable time communicating with investors about their firms’ reputation and financial performance and trying to attract them to the company’s stock. c. The issue of drawing and keeping investors is a critical one for CEOs; gaining investors’ trust and confidence is vital for sustaining the financial stability of the firm. E. Ethics Contributes to Customer Satisfaction 1. Customer satisfaction is one of the most important factors in successful business strategy. a. By focusing on customer satisfaction, a company continually deepens the customer’s dependence on the company, and as the customer’s confidence grows, the firm gains a better understanding of how to serve the customer. b. Successful businesses provide an opportunity for customer feedback, which can engage the customer in cooperative problem solving. 2. Research indicates that a majority of consumers place social responsibility ahead of brand reputation or financial factors when forming impressions of companies. . A strong organizational ethical environment usually focuses on the core value of placing customers’ interests first. a. An ethical climate that focuses on customers incorporates the interests of all employees, suppliers, and other interested parties in decisions and actions. 1. An ethical culture that focuses on customers incorporates the interests of all employ ees, suppliers, and other interested parties in decisions and actions. b. Ethical conduct toward customers builds a strong competitive position that has been shown to positively affect both business performance and product innovation. F. Ethics Contributes to Profits 1. A company cannot nurture and develop an ethical organizational climate unless it has achieved adequate financial performance in terms of profits. a. Many studies have found a positive relationship between corporate social responsibility and business performance. b. Companies convicted of misconduct experience a significantly lower return on assets and sales than firms that have not faced such charges. 2. There are many examples of companies that have experienced significant performance declines after discovery of their failure to act responsibly toward various stakeholders. . Being ethical pays off with better performance. VI. Our Framework for Studying Business Ethics A. Part One provides an overview of business ethics, its importance, emerging issues, and the role of various stakeholder groups in social responsibility and corporate governance. B. Part Two focuses on ethical issues and the institutionalization of business ethics, such as business iss ues that create ethical decision making in organizations and the institutionalization of business ethics including both mandatory and voluntary societal concerns. C. Part Three explores the ethical decision-making process and then looks at both individual and organizational factors that influence decisions. D. Part Four explores systems and processes associated with implementing business ethics into global strategic planning. 1. The more you know about how individuals make decisions, the better prepared you will be to cope with difficult ethical decisions. 2. It is your job to make the final decision in an ethical situation that affects you: Sometimes that decision may be right; sometimes it may be wrong.

Micro Economic Principles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Micro Economic Principles - Assignment Example Therefore, according to Adam Smith, absolute cost difference provides the basis for international trade. (In this example labour hour is taken to be the only resource of production.) David Ricardo had later extended the above said idea by pointing out that it is comparative advantage and not absolute advantage that forms the basis of international trade. COUNTRIES CLOTHING (labour hours per unit) FOOD (labour hour per unit) RELATIVE COSTS (C/F) RELATIVE COSTS (F/C) U.S. 8 hours/unit 10 hours/unit 0.8 hours/unit 1.25 hours/unit INDIA 10 hours/unit 15 hours/unit 0.67 hours/unit 1.5 hours/unit Here, it can be seen that India has an inferior productivity compared to U.S. in both the goods. In the absence of trade both the nations will have to produce both the goods in order to meet the local demands. But, in the presence of trade, India should produce only clothing as it has a lower opportunity cost. Again, U.S. should specialize in food because here food has a lower opportunity cost. Op portunity cost is the cost incurred when a choice is made, in terms of the next best available option. In the above stated example, India by producing 1 unit of Clothing is losing out on 0.67 units of food but if India were to produce food, then by producing 1 unit of food, India would have lost out on 1.5 units of clothing. Therefore, a country should specialize in a good that has a lower opportunity cost. Considering 100 hours of labour, the figure below shows the gains from trade: For U.S., For India, Production possibility frontier or the production possibility curve is a curve representing the tradeoff between two commodities given the resources is efficiently utilized. The PPC shows the maximum amount of one commodity that can be obtained given fixed amount of second commodity. Terms of trade is (price of exports)/ (price of imports). It is the quantity imports which can be purchased using a certain fixed amount of exports. Trade line is the line representing the terms of trad e. Gains from trade are the gains that result from specialization and trade arrangements between two countries. In this example, both U.S. and India are gaining from this arrangement. The price of food post trade will be between 1.25-1.50 and the price for clothing will be between 0.67-0.80. This proves that trade will be beneficial for both the countries. (Pugel, n.d.; Krugman, 2007) Answer 2. a) Given, MPC= 10+10Q P= 70 – 5Q The private market equilibrium will have the MPC = P or, 10+ 10Q = 70 -5Q or, 15Q= 60 therefore, Q’ = 4 substituting the value of Q in the demand equation we get, P = 70 – 5*(4) or, P’ = 50. b) Given, MSC= 10 + 12Q P= 70 -5Q The social market equilibrium will have the MSC = P or, 10 + 12Q = 70 – 5Q or, 17Q = 60 therefore Q*= 3.53 (approx) [socially optimum Q] substituting the value of Q in the demand equation we get, P= 70 -5*(3.53) or, P*= 52.35 [socially optimum P] (Varian, 2010) The equilibrium in (a) is not optimal becaus e in case of negative externalities, marginal social cost > marginal private cost. The diagram above shows that for a profit maximizing producer, for a given cost, the profit maximizing output is Q’ which is greater than the socially optimum output Q*. By producing at Q’, the producer is causing an externality worth AB which the producer is not treating as a cost. (Varian, 2010) The equilibrium in (b) is optimal because here the cost of externality is also

The Great Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

The Great Depression - Essay Example As the research declares most farmers and companies hence began to incur losses and default on their loans. The situation got worse after some parts of the nation were hit by a terrible drought. America was also operating on a laissez-faire economic policy that did not impose any regulations on businesses. Most companies paid low wages to their workers leading to uneven wealth distribution. The above factors coupled with the fact that Europe was also going through the depression led to an increased decline in the market for American products. It led to the closure of businesses, increase in debts, massive unemployment, and foreclosure of banks. The final blow resulted from the collapse of the New York stock market that led to the loss of billions of dollars of investor money. As the report stresses President Hoover tried to end the economic crisis by encouraging cooperation between government and business, establishing government agencies, fostering labor harmony and attempting to balance the budget. He refused to involve the federal government in manipulating the currency, fixing prices or controlling businesses. He also refused to use federal money to give direct aid citizens hence operated on the principle of rugged individualism. President Franklin Roosevelt, on the other hand, held a much more liberal philosophy as he believed the federal government was required to step in and give direct aid to its people.

Mass Media and Its Influence in Shaping Ideas Essay Example for Free

Mass Media and Its Influence in Shaping Ideas Essay Dramatic advances in mass communication and transportation during the past 50 years have truly created a global village; a mass society. Things occurring anywhere are now quickly known everywhere. Mass media both overwhelm us with information and help us to sort it out. The development of mass media has had a great influence on our lives. We have come to depend on it for information and so forth. In doing so, we allowed it to affect important aspects of our lives. Media, why is it has been a hot topic of discussion in our nowadays society? We find that in our country, Malaysia, the mass media plays a very crucial role in influencing and changing the thinking of our current society. Taking this one issue as an example; the issue that has been a viral recently, which is Public Resurrection Rally or also known as Himpunan Kebangkitan Rakyat. Apart of being famously spread through media in internet such as online news and videos, surely the main mass media including television, radio and newspaper also made a wide coverage on this issue no matter they are supporting it or not. However, for sure when they differ in their goals and interests, hence the way they report about the issues also differ. This different ways of reporting thus causes varying acceptance in society. Quoting one finding by Shanto Iyengar in his book entitle ‘Is Anyone Responsible? ’ while he was doing an evaluation on the effects brought by news on television concerning political issues, he found that the carriage of the issue through the news on the TV has developed an understanding of the general public towards the political problems occurred. Meaning to say here, it could be the media who the one creating the issue permitted, or it could be media too who provides the solution for it. We cannot deny the enormity of the power and influence of the media in shaping the flow of thinking of our society. When there is only one issue raised by the media, then the issue will also be followed by the society either through their leisure or through serious discussion, through their words, as well as through their status shared on Facebook or Twitter. And that’s why, Iyenger again mentioned together with his friend; Donald Kinder in News That Matters, â€Å"when television news focuses on a problem, the publics priorities are altered, and altered again as television news moves on to something new. Sometimes, the issue raised is only one. However, different ways of putting up the stories may cause different way of viewpoint. It may be that with dealing on an issue will make people have a good look toward one party or side. Meanwhile, it can also be that with another way of handling an issue may causes people to have bad sentiment at one side. Mass media, if they are honest, thus the true way of thinking can be mould among the society. Conversely, if they deviate and go off from the principle they should be, then so goes the pattern of thinking that will exist in the community. Thinking of how great is the influence of media in determining the current mindset of society; media thus should be honest and trustworthy in carrying any issue or theme into the community. Seeing the reality of nowadays media, it is not easy for them to stand as a natural institution or unequivocal to any party. When the media were in favour of any party, then the way they play with an issue or problem will always favour to the side they support. Sometimes, mistakes and glares made by the side supported no matter how big would it be are usually hidden or removed by creating offense related to the other side which have different ideology or schools of thought. Any media if it is used for the benefit of one party, surely it will be a mouthpiece of the party. Hence, all reports, news, issues taken will surely favour them. Media should act as a tool to educate the community. Media plays an important role in developing the mindset of society, whether to form a good and clean mindset or the other way around. Media should not be exploited to manipulate people to have the wrong way of thinking. The effect will lead to duping of the society itself.

Literature Review on Childhood Obesity and Treatment

Literature Review on Childhood Obesity and Treatment Obesity has become a huge problem within the Western World over recent years. (34% of the adult population in the US in 2007 (Barness (1986: 75)). It is known from the general media that the incidences of childhood obesity are also on the increase. This review aims to evaluate the ideas and concepts from two Journals. Barness, L.A. (2007) Obesity in Children. Ells et al, (2005) Prevention of Childhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity According to Barness (1986: 75-76), there are a number of tools used to define the obese child. weight for height is the most common used as it uses a chart and the skinfold thickness becomes very erroneous in the obese child due to errors in measurement. The BMI uses charts to which take into account the gender and age of the child which then encompasses more of the variables within children (not apparent in adults) resulting in increased accuracy. There is some debate as to causes of obesity. Some causes are thought to be (Ells et al. (2005: 443)) gender, race, socioeconomic status, special educational needs, environmental factors and genetics (although Ells et al. (2005: 442) states that fewer than 1% of childhood obesity cases are directly caused by a genetic disorder). There are also a number of disease states causing secondary obesity which need to be ruled out prior to attributing the unexplained weight gain to the above causes. These include neurological lesions, endocrinopathies and congenital syndromes (Barness (1986: 82)). There are various factors affecting the obese child including psychological as Obese children often suffer from low self esteem and some can go on to develop depression (10% become clinically depressed Barness (1986: 77)) whereas others comfort eat leading to obesity. There are a number of risk factors which can result from an obese child which include hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. (Chu et al. (1998: 1141) Dyslipidaemia includes hyperlipidaemia, elevated low-density lipoproteins, and decreased high density lipoproteins (Barness (1986: 81)). Sleep apnoea a common cause of pulmonary insufficiency Barness (1986: 77). The child can wake up many times a night resulting in constant sleep deprivation. This can be life limiting as it puts a strain on the heart also. It has been reported that some children can benefit from tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy Barness (1986: 77). However, Zafer et al. (1999: 33) have concluded that this treatment is associated with an increase in weight, height and BMI. Obesity Treatment As the causes of obesity are varied, so the treatment also needs to be varied. As well as dealing with the causes of obesity there maybe other health issues to be dealt with also. (see above) . The major treatment options involve diet, exercise and behaviour modification (Barness (1986: 83). The dietary requirements need to be under strict medical supervisions as the child is still growing and requires essential nutrients for growth. Barness (1986: 83) states that a protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) diet has been used and appears safe and can stimulate the respiratory system and blunt the appetite due to ketones being released as the diet is also low in carbohydrates. Barnes does not, however, go into details of behaviour modification or exercise programmes. Obesity Prevention There a number of factors which cause obesity, as stated above. A holistic approach is required to ensure obesity does not occur in the child. According to Ells et al. (2005: 441) evidence supports measures which ensure physical activity and a healthy diet as well as adequate behavioural support for the child to reduce the risk of obesity. Interventions which will aid children to live and grow healthily can come from a number of different sources. School Intervention Schools can influence a childs behaviour and therefore help in the health prevention of obesity. Ells et al. (2005: 444) that a review highlighted a number of health prevention programmes. One of these was based on children being taught via a national curriculum to reduce their sedendatory behaviour. This showed a reduction in obesity. Another two were based on physical activity programmes which showed that there was no significant reduction in obesity over a control group. The multi-faceted approach of nutrition, education, behavioural therapy and physical activity showed that this may help to reduce obesity, especially in girls. Ells et al. (2005: 444) concluded that much more research is needed in this area. Research carried out by Nauta, Byrne and Wesley (2009: 16-17) concluded that school nurses had an awareness of childhood obesity but were unable to set up treatment programmes. Family Intervention There are a number of different behavioural causes within the family environment, including the mothers knowledge of nutrition and opportunities to share family meals. Ells et al. (2005: 445 446) also cited studies undertaken to examine the efficiency of family based behaviour modification programmes and health promotion which did not support any significant decrease in weight in the obese child. Goodfellow and Northstone (2008: 117) found out that children from the Isle of Man were more likely to be obese than in Avon, showing that external influences will have a bearing on the family and individuals health. Preschool / Anti-Natal Intervention A significant number of children are obese at pre-school age. However there is little evidence to support the need for intervention within the pre-school age chilidren. Ells et al. (2005: 446 447) questions whether obesity prevention should begin during the ante-natal period and cited a study finding maternal weight to correlate to preschool obesity but another found that breast feeding had a protective effect on childhood obesity. A study by Rossem et al. (2010: 7) supports the link between breast feeding and reduced obesity in the child. Morgan (1986: 34)) cited that expectant parents should be alerted to the dangers of childhood obesity as there is a strong link with a parent and childs body weight. Government Policies Ells et al. (2005: 449) indicates that in order to prevent the growing trend of obesity Governments must have a key role. For instance Ells et al. (2005: 449) a number of UK police documents including the Health Select Committee Report on Obesity (2004). Monitoring To Ensure Prevention is Working It is vital that preventative measures in place are monitored to ensure that they are reducing both the incidence and severity of childhood obesity so that resources can go to the appropriate measures. Ells et al. (2005: 449) stated that monitoring in most countries consists of only occasional surveys. The UK Essential Core Database for child health have recommended that monitoring (BMI) be carried out on children at entry and exit from both primary and secondary schools. Research carried out by Levine et al. (2008: 255), however, showed that monitoring of primary school children was achievable but that of secondary schools was not. Conclusion It can be concluded that childhood obesity is a large, increasing problem within the western world which will follow on into adulthood. This essay has aimed to give an overview of the theories and evidence surrounding childhood obesity including associated diseases, treatments, preventative measures and people involved in supporting the obese child as well as those factors thought to cause the obesity in the first place. This is a complex issue with evidence currently emerging. This review was mainly focussing on the use of two articles Obesity in Childhood and Prevention of Childhood Obesity which between then cover all the issues surrounding childhood obesity. Where there is further supporting or refuting evidence I have added this. The literature included here is by no means comprehensive and the reader may wish to research an aspect of childhood obesity in greater depth.

Carrie Chapter Five

She would not break this time. But of course she did break. It took six hours but she broke, weeping and calling Momma to open the door and let her out. The need to urinate was terrible. The Black Man grinned at her with his jackal mouth, and his scarlet eyes knew all the secrets of woman-blood. An hour after Carrie began to call, Momma let her out. Carrie scrabbled madly for the bathroom. It was only now, three hours after that, sitting here with her head bowed over the sewing machine like a penitent, that she remembered the fear in Momma's eyes and she thought she knew the reason why. There had been other times when Momma had kept her in the closet for as long as a day at a stretch-when she stole that forty-nine-cent finger ring from Shuber's Five and Ten, the time she had found that picture of Flash Bobby Pickett under Carrie's pillow – and Carrie had once fainted from the lack of food and the smell of her own waste. And she had never, never spoken back as she had done today. Today she had even said the Eff Word. Yet Momma had let her out almost as soon as she broke. There. The dress was done. She removed her feet from the treadle and held it up to look at it. It was long. And ugly. She hated it. She knew why Momma had let her out. ‘Momma, may I go to bed?' ‘Yes.' Momma did not look up from her doily. She folded the dress over her arm. She looked down at the sewing machine. All at once the treadle depressed itself. The needle began to dip up and down, catching the light in steely flashes. The bobbin whirred and jerked. The sidewheel spun. Momma's head jerked up, her eyes wide. The looped matrix at the edge of her doily, wonderfully intricate yet at the same time as precise and even, suddenly fell in disarray. ‘Only clearing the thread,' Carrie said softly. ‘Go to bed,' Momma said curtly, and the fear was back in her eyes. ‘Yes, (she was afraid i'd knock the closet door right off its hinges) Momma,' (and i think i could i think i could yes i think i could) From The Shadow Exploded (p. 58): Margaret White was born and raised in Motton, a small town which borders Chamberlain and sends its tuition students to Chamberlain's junior and senior high schools. Her parents were fairly well-to-do; they owned a prosperous night spot just outside the Motton town limits called The Jolly Roadhouse. Margaret's father, John Brigham, was killed in a barroom shooting incident in the summer of 1959. Margaret Brigham, who was then almost thirty, began attending fundamentalist prayer meetings. Her mother had become involved with a new man (Harold Alison, whom she later married) and they both wanted Margaret out of the house-she believed her mother, Judith, and Harold Alison were living in sin and made her views known frequently. Judith Brigham expected her daughter to remain a spinster the rest of her life. In the more pungent phraseology of her soon-to-be stepfather, ‘Margaret had a face like the ass end of a gasoline truck and a body to match.' He also referred to her as ‘a little prayin' Jesus.' Margaret refused to leave until 1960, when she met Ralph White at a revival meeting. In September of that year she left the Brigham. residence in Motton and moved to a small flat in Chamberlain Centre. The courtship of Margaret Brigham, and Ralph White terminated in marriage on March 23, 1962. On April 3, 1962, Margaret White was admitted briefly to Westover Doctors Hospital. ‘Nope, she wouldn't tell us what was wrong,' Harold Alison said. ‘The one time we went to see her she told us we were living in adultery even though we were hitched, and we were going to hell. She said God had put an invisible mark on our foreheads, but she could see it. Acted crazy as a bat in a henhouse, she did. Her mom tried to be nice, tried to find out what the matter with her was. She got hysterical and started to rave about an angel with a sword who would walk through the parking lots of roadhouses and cut down the wicked. We left.' Judith Alison, however, had at least an idea of what might have been wrong with her daughter; she thought that Margaret had gone through a miscarriage. If so, the baby was conceived out of wedlock. Confirmation of this would shed an interesting light on the character of Carrie's mother. In a long and rather hysterical letter to her mother dated August 19, 1962, Margaret said that she and Ralph were living sinlessly, without ‘the Curse of Intercourse'. She urged Harold and Judith Alison to close their ‘abode of wickedness' and do likewise. ‘It is,' Margaret declares near the end of her letter, ‘the only [sic] way you & That Man can avoid the Rain of Blood yet to come. Ralph & I, like Mary & Joseph, will neither know or polute [sic] each others flesh. If there is issue, let it be Divine.' Of course, the calendar tells us that Carrie was conceived later that same year †¦ The girls dressed quietly for their Monday morning Period One gym class, with no horseplay or little screaming catcalls, and none of them were very surprised when Miss Desjardin slammed open the locker-room and walked in. Her silver whistle dangling between her small breasts, and if her shorts were the ones she had been wearing on Friday, no trace of Carrie's bloody handprint remained. The girls continued to dress sullenly, not looking at her. ‘Aren't you the bunch to send out for graduation,' Miss Desjardin said softly. ‘When is it? A month? And the spring Ball even less than that. Most of you have your dates and gowns already, I bet. Sue, you'll be going with Tommy Ross. Helen, Roy Evarts. Chris, I imagine you can take your pick. Who's the lucky guy?'. ‘Billy Nolan,' Chris Hargensen said sullenly. ‘Well, isn't he the lucky one?' Desjardin remarked. ‘What are you going to give him for a party favour, Chris, a bloody Kotex? Or how about some used toilet paper? I understand these things seem to be your sack these days.' Chris went red. ‘I'm leaving. I don't have to listen to that.' Desjardin had not been able to get the image of Carrie out of her mind all weekend, Carrie screaming, blubbering, a wet napkin plastered squarely in the middle of her pubic hair-and her own sick, angry reaction. And now, as Chris tried to storm out past her, she reached out and slammed her against a row of dented, olive-coloured lockers beside the inner door. Chris's eyes widened with shocked disbelief. Then a kind of insane rage filled her face. ‘You can't hit us!' she screamed. ‘You'll get canned for this! See if you don't, you bitch!' The other girls winced and sucked breath and stared at the floor. It was getting out of hand. Sue noticed out of the corner of her eye that Fern and Donna Thibodeau were holding hands. ‘I don't really care, Hargensen,' Desjardin said. ‘If you or any of your girls – think I'm wearing my teacher hat right now, you're making a bad mistake. I just want you all to know that you did a shitty thing on Friday. A really shitty thing.' Chris Hargensen was sneering at the floor. The rest of the girls were looking miserably at anything but their gym instructor. Sue found herself looking into the shower stall – the scene of the crime – and jerked her glance elsewhere. None of them had ever heard a teacher call anything shitty before. ‘Did any of you stop to think that Carrie White has feelings? Do any of you ever stop to think? Sue? Fern? Helen? Jessica? Any of you? You think she's ugly. Well, you're all ugly. I saw it on Friday morning.' Chris Hargensen was mumbling about her father being a lawyer. ‘Shutup!' Desjardin yelled in her face. Chris recoiled so suddenly that her head struck the lockers behind her. She began to whine and rub her head. ‘One more remark out of you,' Desjardin said softly, ‘and I'll throw you across the room. Want to find out if I'm telling the truth?' Chris, who had apparently decided she was dealing with a mad-woman, said nothing. Desjardin put her hands on her hips. ‘The office has decided on punishment for you girls. Not my punishment, I'm sorry to say. My idea was three days' suspension and refusal of your prom tickets.' Several girls looked at each other and muttered unhappily. ‘That would have hit you where you live,' Desjardin continued, ‘Unfortunately, Ewen is staffed completely by men in its administration wing. I don't believe they have any real conception of how utterly nasty what you did was. So. One week's detention.' Spontaneous sighs of relief. ‘But. It's to be my detention. In the gym. And I'm going to run you ragged.' ‘I won't come,' Chris said. Her lips had thinned across her teeth. ‘That's up to you, Chris. That's up to all of you. But punishment for skipping detention is going to be three days' suspension and refusal of your prom tickets. Get the picture?' No one said anything. ‘Right. Change up. And think about what I said.' She left. Utter silence for a long and stricken moment. Then Chris Hargensen said with loud, hysterical stridency: ‘She can't get away with it!' She opened a door at random, pulled out a pair of sneakers and hurled them across the room. ‘I'm going to get her! Goddammit! Goddammit! See if I don't! If we all stick together we..' ‘Shut up, Chris,' Sue said, and was shocked to hear a dead, adult lifelessness in her voice. ‘Just shut up.' ‘This isn't over,' Chris Hargensen said, unzipping her skirt with a rough jab and reaching for her fashionably frayed green gym shorts. ‘This isn't over by a long way.' And she was right. From The Shadow Exploded (pp. 60-6 1): In the opinion of this researcher, a great many of the people who have researched the Carrie White matter – either for the scientific journals or for the popular press – have placed a mistaken emphasis on a relatively fruitless search for incidents of telekinesis in the girl's childhood. To strike a rough analogy, this is like spending years researching the early incidents of masturbation in a rapist's childhood. The spectacular incident of the stones serves as a kind of red herring in this respect. Many researchers have adopted the erroneous belief that where there has been one incident, there must be others. To offer another analogy, this is like dispatching a crew of meteor watchers to Crater National Park because a huge asteroid struck there two million years ago. To the best of my knowledge, there are no other recorded instances of TK in Carrie's childhood. If Carrie had not been an only child, we might have at least hearsay reports of dozens of other minor occurrences. In the case of Andrea Kolintz (see Appendix II for a fuller history), we are told that, following a spanking for crawling out on the roof, ‘The medicine cabinet flew open, bottles fell to the floor or seemed to hurl themselves across the bathroom, doors flew open and slammed shut, and at the climax of the manifestation, a 300-pound stereo cabinet tipped over and records flew all over the living room, dive-bombing the occupants and shattering against the walls.' Significantly, this report is from one of Andrea's brothers, as quoted in the September 4, 1955, issue of Life magazine. Life is hardly the most scholarly or unimpeachable source, but there is a great deal of other documentation, and I think that the point of familiar witnesship is served. In the case of Carrie White, the only witness to any possible prologue to the final climactic events was Margaret White, and she, of course is dead. Henry Grayle, principal of Ewen High School, had been expecting him all week, but Chris Hargensen's father didn't show up until Friday-the day after Chris had skipped her detention period with the formidable Miss Desjardin. ‘Yes, Miss Fish?' He spoke formally into the intercom, although he could see the man in the outer office through his window, and certainly knew his face from pictures in the local paper. ‘John Hargensen to see you, Mr Grayle.' ‘Send him in, please.' Goddammit, Fish, do you have to sound so impressed? Grayle was an irrepressible paper-clip-bender, napkin-ripper, corner-folder. For John Hargensen, the town's leading legal light, he was bringing up the heavy ammunition – a whole box of heavy-duty clips in the middle of his desk blotter. Hargensen was a tall, impressive man with a selfconfident way of moving and the kind of sure, mobile features that said this was a man superior at the game of one-step-ahead social interaction. He was wearing a brown Savile Row suit with subtle glints of green and gold running through the weave that put Grayle's local off-the-rack job to shame. His briefcase was thin, real leather, and bound with glittering stainless steel. The smile was faultless and full of many capped teeth – a smile to make the hearts of lady jurors melt like butter in a warm skillet. His grip was major league all the way-firm, warm, long. ‘Mr Grayle, I've wanted to meet you for some time now.' ‘I'm always glad to see interested parents,' Grayle said with a dry smile. ‘That's why we have Parents Open House every October.' ‘Of course.' Hargensen smiled, ‘I imagine you're a busy man, and I have to be in court in forty-five minutes from now. Shall we get down to specifics?' ‘Surely,' Grayle dipped into his box of clips and began to mangle the first one. ‘I suspect you are here concerning the disciplinary action taken against your daughter Christine. You should be informed that school policy on the matter has been set. As a man concerned with the workings of justice yourself, you should realize that bending the rules is hardly possible or-‘ Hargensen waved his hand impatiently. ‘Apparently you're labouring under a misconception, Mr Grayle. I am here because my daughter was manhandled by your gym teacher, Miss Rhoda Desjardin. And verbally abused, I'm afraid. I believe the term your Miss Desjardin used in connection with my daughter was â€Å"shitty.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Grayle sighed inwardly. ‘Miss Desjardin has been reprimanded.' John Hargensen's smile cooled thirty degrees, ‘I'm afraid a reprimand will not be sufficient. I believe this has been the young, ah, lady's first year in a teaching capacity?' ‘Yes. We have found her to be eminently satisfactory.' ‘Apparently your definition of eminently satisfactory includes throwing students up against lockers and the ability to curse like a sailor?' Grayle fenced: ‘As a lawyer, you must be aware that this state acknowledges the school's title to in loco parentis – along with full responsibility, we succeed to full parental rights during school hours. If you're not familiar, I'd advise you to check Monondock Consolidated School District vs Cranepool or-‘ ‘I'm familiar with the concept,' Hargensen mid. ‘I'm also aware that neither the Cranepool case that you administrators are so fond of quoting or the Frick case cover anything remotely concerned with physical or verbal abuse. There is, however, the case of School District No. 4 vs David. Are you familiar with it?' Grayle was. George Kramer, the assistant principal of the consolidated high school in S.D. 14 was a poker buddy. George wasn't playing much poker any more. He was working for an insurance company after taking it upon himself to cut a student's hair. The school district had ultimately paid seven thousand dollars in damages, or about a thousand bucks a snip. Grayle started on another paper clip. ‘Let's not quote cases at each other, Mr Grayle, were busy men. I don't want a lot of unpleasantness. I don't want a mess. My daughter is at home, and she will stay there Monday and Tuesday. That will complete her threeday suspension. That's all right.' Another dismissive wave of the hand. (catch fido good boy here's a nice bone) ‘Here's what I want,' Hargensen continued. ‘One, prom tickets for my daughter. A girl's senior prom is important to her, and Chris is very distressed. Two, no contract renewal of the Desjardin woman. That's for me. I believe that if I cared to take the School Department to court, I could walk out with both her dismissal and a hefty damage settlement in my pocket. But I don't want to be vindictive.' ‘So court is the alternative if I don't agree to your demands?' ‘I understand that a School Committee hearing would precede that, but only as a formality. But yes, court would be the final result. Nasty for you.' Another paper clip. ‘For physical and verbal abuse, is that correct?' ‘Essentially.' ‘Mr Hargensen, are you aware that your daughter and about ten of her peers threw sanitary napkins at a girl who was having her first menstrual period? A girl who was under the impression that she was bleeding to death?' A faint frown creased Hargensen's features, as if someone had spoken in a distant room. ‘I hardly think such an allegation is at issue. I am speaking of actions following-‘ ‘Never mind,' Grayle said. ‘Never mind what you were speaking of. This girl, Carietta White, was called â€Å"a dumb pudding† and was told to â€Å"plug it up† and was subjected to various obscene gestures. She has not been in school this week at all. Does that sound like physical and verbal abuse to you? It does to me.' ‘I don't intend,' Hargensen said, ‘to sit here and listen to a tissue of half-truths or your standard schoolmaster lecture, Mr Grayle, I know my daughter well enough to-‘ ‘Here,' Grayle reached into the wire IN basket beside the blotter and tossed a sheaf of pink cards across the desk, ‘I doubt very much if you know the daughter represented in these cards half so well as you think you do. If you did, you might realize that it was about time for a trip to the woodshed. It's time you snubbed her close before she does someone a major damage.' ‘You aren't-‘

Lack of effective communication

When a mountaineer goes up for the mountain’s peak, when a pilot soar high in the sky with his plane and when a treasure hunter goes for the hidden treasure with his map, there are two things they all need to have- a compass and a watch. They are but small, simple gadgets yet their importance cannot be denied. Like a compass, communication gives direction to the players in the organization. As a watch, communication defines the perfect timing of every course of action. Having the best players in a team, the best facilities and enough resources cannot give an organization the assurance of its success. This is simply because, as Keith Denton said, 1â€Å"More often, what is required is the simplest need of all-communication.† What brings all the elements of an organization or a team together is communication. Consider a basketball team who is behind by two points in the last few seconds of the game. If the team has a time-out to utilize, shall the coach call for a time-out or just leave the chance to the players? If not, who will be responsible? It could not be just anyone. Effective communication plays an urgent and essential role in this situation. First, in identifying what the problem is. Communicating factual and accurate information on the nature of the problem is the first step in solving a problem. In the business set-up, the earlier the problem is identified, the more time is provided to the team or the organization to solve it. Consider a manufacturing company which is experiencing a significant decline in its production rate for the past three months. Shift production supervisor A accounts the problem to the old machines they are using. Supervisor B blames it to the shift on the standards of the Quality Control department. Supervisor C thinks the problem is due to the newly imported raw materials from a new supplier. Suppose the production head asked only supervisor A and then agreed to address the problem immediately to the management. So the management decided to buy new production machines in order to cope up with its production. Supervisors B and C did not coordinate their evaluations on the problem because they were not asked. After few months, production increased only by few percentage. Re-evaluation revealed that the problem is due to the newly imported raw materials and not on the old machines. This is just one of the many tragic results of lack of effective communication. If only the production head was able to ask the other supervisors, or the supervisors coordinated their evaluations to the production head, even if they were not asked, then their evaluations could have been considered in the management’s decision in solving the problem. The cost of the new production machines could have been saved and the raw materials supplier could have been immediately reprimanded and replaced. Sad to say, time and effort lost in this situation can no more be saved; they are permanently lost. Communication is a basic requirement in all aspects of the organization. 2â€Å"The absence of good planning and sound communications also causes projects to fail.† (G. Silver) In fact, communication is a vital tool in the planning stage of a project. In identifying the what, where, when, why, who and how of a plan, information has to flow through communication lines in order to be utilized by planners and decision makers. In delegation, controlling and directing functions of the management, communication is a basic tool. This is the reason why leaders have to be good communicators. In problem solving and decision making, one has to learn how to make him understood by others and learn also to understand others. This can only be made possible by developing effective communication skills and process. 3 A case study done at General Electric Company and Cypress Semiconductor Corp. revealed that 88% of its engineers believed that â€Å"lack of communication and cooperation leads to reduced productivity.† Further evaluation of this result will give us the fact that this is because planners and decision makers rely on available, coordinated information in formulating their business activities. If all needed information are properly communicated to the concerned individuals, then problem solving and decision making will most probably have favorable results. Considering the vitality of effective communication in an organization which is working as a team, it is but fair to conclude that communication can make or break an organization. REFERENCES Denton, D. Keith. Business Horizons. September-October 1993. Retrieved from http://www.howtobooks.co.uk/business/networking. retrieved on September 07, 2006 Silver, Gerald and Myrra. Systems Analysis and Design. Chapter 06. page 22. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Mass. USA. 1992 P and Q Survey 1990. Effective Business Communications. Retrieved from http://www.howtobooks.co.uk/business/networking Retrieved on September 07, 2006

Definition and How to Handle an Adjustment Letter

Definition and How to Handle an Adjustment Letter An adjustment letter or a claim adjustment letter is a written response from a representative of a business or agency to a customers claim letter. It explains how a problem with a product or service may (or may not) be resolved. How to Handle the Response If your business has received a claim letter from a customer, youll want to handle your response diplomatically and with the proper  you attitude  to quickly and effectively repair or prevent any damage to your reputation. Even if the complaint cant be resolved exactly as the customer wishes or you have to give bad news, you want to still take a positive, professional tone.   Andrea B. Geffner illustrates further: An  adjustment letter  should begin with a positive statement, expressing sympathy and understanding. Near the start, it should let the reader know what is being done, and this news, good or bad, should be followed by an explanation. The letter should end with another positive statement, reaffirming the companys good intentions and the value of its products, but  never  referring to the original problem.Whether or not your company is at fault, even the most belligerent claim should be answered politely. An adjustment letter should  not  be negative or suspicious; it must  never  accuse the customer or grant any adjustment grudgingly. Remember, your companys image and goodwill are at stake when you respond even to unjustified claims.​ (How to Write  Better  Business Letters, 4th ed. Barrons, 2007) Be careful to never promise something your company cant deliver (or a deadline you cant meet), or that will only compound the problem. Convey to your customer that you do have his or her interest in mind, and keep the door open to keep their business and for better success in the future. Even as times change, some things remain true. Good business advice hasnt changed in the last 100 years, as evident from advice given by O.C. Gallagher and L.B. Moulton in Practical Business English, from 1918:   Any showing of ill-feeling or anger in your adjustment letter will defeat its purpose. Indifference toward the customers complaint or delay in answering it is likewise fatal to further business relations. The you, not the I, attitude will put the offended customer in good humor, and open the way for a pleasant settlement of the complaint. An adjustment letter characterized by the  you attitude  becomes a sales letter. Dealing With Internet Complaints The same type of advice also applies to dealing with complaints or poor reviews levied against businesses on the internet or via social media. You still need to be diplomatic in your response. Speed in diffusing a complaint is of the essence- but not hastiness. Remember that anything you type in an electronic message or post can be copied and forwarded for the world to see, and its really difficult to completely delete something after posting it online or hitting send.Have someone proofread it and check for cultural sensitivity or other potential pitfalls before putting it out there.Cut to the chase- keep the public-facing text short and to the point.  Always have a cool head when responding to criticism online or else the problem can spiral. Any text online affects your brand and reputation. A successful resolution to a complaint or claim also has the ability to spread far and wide, though likely not as fast or widely as a poor review or complaint, unfortunately.   Sources Gerald J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu, The Business Writers Handbook, 10th ed. Macmillan, 2011. Philip C. Kolin, Successful Writing at Work, 9th ed. Wadsworth Publishing, 2009.

Battle of Coochs Bridge in the American Revolution

Battle of Cooch's Bridge in the American Revolution Battle of Coochs Bridge - Conflict Date: The Battle of Coochs Bridge was fought September 3, 1777, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). Battle of Coochs Bridge - Armies Commanders: Americans General George WashingtonBrigadier General William Maxwell450 men British General Sir William HoweLieutenant General Lord Charles CornwallisLieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb293 men Battle of Coochs Bridge - Background: Having captured New York in 1776, British campaign plans for the following year called for Major General John Burgoynes army to advance south from Canada with the goal of capturing the Hudson Valley and severing New England from the rest of the American colonies.   In commencing his operations, Burgoyne hoped that General Sir William Howe, the overall British commander in North America, would march north from New York City to support the campaign.   Uninterested in advancing up the Hudson, Howe instead set his sights on taking the American capital at Philadelphia.   To do so, he planned to embark the bulk of his army and sail south. Working with his brother, Admiral Richard Howe, Howe initially hoped to ascend the Delaware River and land below Philadelphia.   An assessment of the river forts in the Delaware deterred the Howes from this line of approach and they instead decided to sail further south before moving up the Chesapeake Bay.   Putting to sea in late July, the British were hampered by poor weather.   Though aware of Howes departure from New York, the American commander, General George Washington, remained in the dark regarding the enemys intentions.   Receiving sighting reports from along the coast, he increasingly determined that the target was Philadelphia.   As a result, he began moving his army south in late August.   Battle of Coochs Bridge - Coming Ashore: Moving up the Chesapeake Bay, Howe started landing his army at Head of Elk on August 25.   Moving inland, the British began concentrating their forces before beginning the march northeast toward Philadelphia.   Having encamped at Wilmington, DE, Washington, along with Major General Nathanael Greene and the Marquis de Lafayette, rode southwest on August 26 and reconnoitered the British from atop Iron Hill.   Assessing the situation, Lafayette recommended employing a force of light infantry to disrupt the British advance and give Washington time to choose suitable ground for blocking Howes army.   This duty normally would have fallen to Colonel Daniel Morgans riflemen, but this force had been sent north to reinforce Major General Horatio Gates who was opposing Burgoyne.   As a result, a new command of 1,100 handpicked men was quickly assembled under the leadership of Brigadier General William Maxwell. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Moving to Contact: On the morning of September 2, Howe directed Hessian General Wilhelm von Knyphausen to depart Cecil County Court House with the right wing of the army and move east toward Aikens Tavern.   This march was slowed by poor roads and foul weather.   The next day, Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis was ordered to break camp at Head of Elk and join Knyphausen at the tavern.   Advancing east over different roads, Howe and Cornwallis reached Aikens Tavern ahead of the delayed Hessian general and elected to turn north without waiting for the planned rendezvous.   To the north, Maxwell had positioned his force south of Coochs Bridge which spanned the Christina River as well as sent a light infantry company south to set an ambush along the road. Battle of Coochs Bridge - A Sharp Fight: Riding north, Cornwallis advance guard, which was comprised of a company of Hessian dragoons led by Captain Johann Ewald, fell into Maxwells trap.   Springing the ambush, the American light infantry broke up the Hessian column and Ewald retreated to obtain aid from Hessian and Ansbach jgers in Cornwallis command.   Advancing,  jgers led by Lieutenant Colonel Ludwig von Wurmb engaged the Maxwells men in a running fight north.   Deploying in a line with artillery support, Wurmbs men attempted to pin the Americans in place with bayonet charge in the center while sending a force to turn Maxwells flank.   Recognizing the danger, Maxwell continued to slowly retreat north towards the bridge (Map). Reaching Coochs Bridge, the Americans formed to make a stand on the east bank of the river.   Increasingly pressed by Wurmbs men, Maxwell retreated across the span to a new position on the west bank.   Breaking off the fight, the  jgers occupied nearby Iron Hill.   In an effort to take the bridge, a battalion of British light infantry crossed the river downstream and began moving north.   This effort was badly slowed by swampy terrain.   When this force finally arrived, it, along with the threat posed by Wurmbs command, compelled Maxwell to depart the field and retreat back to Washingtons camp outside Wilmington, DE. Battle of Coochs Bridge - Aftermath: Casualties for the Battle of Coochs Bridge are not known with certainty but are estimated at 20 killed and 20 wounded for Maxwell and 3-30 killed and 20-30 wounded for Cornwallis.   As Maxwell moved north, Howes army continued to be harassed by American militia forces.   That evening, Delaware militia, led by Caesar Rodney, struck the British near Aikens Tavern in a hit-and-run attack.   Over the next week, Washington marched north with the intention of blocking Howes advance near Chadds Ford, PA.   Taking a position behind the Brandywine River, he was defeated at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11.   In the days after the battle, Howe succeeded in occupying Philadelphia.   An American counterattack on October 4 was turned back at the Battle of Germantown.   The campaign season ended later that fall with Washingtons army going into winter quarters at Valley Forge.            Selected Sources DAR: Battle of Coochs BridgePHAA: Battle of Coochs BridgeHMDB: Battle of Coochs Bridge

The Palace of Minos at Knossos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Palace of Minos at Knossos - Essay Example There are indications of proper systems of obtainment of natural light during the day. There are signs of proper systems of drainage and water supply. As far as heat is concerned, the palace gives no signs of proper systems for the control of cool and chilled winds in winter seasons (Benton and DiYanni, 1998). Because of the facilitation of natural light, the constructors of the palace had to provide a lot of openings for the incoming light and these facilitations of light appear to be problematic in winter seasons. In night, there were employment of ceramic lamps and candles with olive oil (Dempsey, 2007). The palace of Minos at Knossos served for many purposes according to the archaeologists. It served as an administrative center for the people of Crete. It also served as a religious center for the people of Crete. It also worked as storage of food so; it also served as a food storage center for the people of Crete (Bourbon, 1998). The palace is not like those palaces that provide residential facilities but as a place that provided working facilities as the archaeologists found no furniture or objects that can be called as beds or other residential features (Dempsey, 2007). The palace of Minos at Knossos is regarded as the major site for the analysis of Bronze Age buildings prevalent till this time. It is archeologically the largest building found related to Bronze Age (Bourbon, 1998). It is located at Crete. It gives a clear overview of Minoan culture and civilization. Tourists from all over the world visit the palace in order to judge the features of Bronze Age still found in the world today. The palace of Minos at Knossos is named after the discoverer, Minos Kalokairinos (Benton and DiYanni, 1998). The discovery can be traced back in 1878. The palace can also be named on the King Minos of Crete for whom; it was constructed according to the mythology. With the discovery of the palace, it

Integrated Concept Process Model and School-to-Work Research Paper

Integrated Concept Process Model and School-to-Work - Research Paper Example They undertake these activities while being guided by professionals who have both knowledge and experience in education. The role of these professionals is mainly to assist the students to apply the skills they acquire in class in real-life situations. The students can derive from this kind of a scenario several benefits. One of these benefits is that a student can discover the challenges he might encounter in his professional occupation. They can also learn how the skills learnt in class are applied in real-life and the adjustments required in making them suite different situations. Moreover, they can understand the connection between various academic concepts and occupational concepts in their field of study (Erickson, 2002). Previous research indicate that students who move directly from a school-to-work program to employment have better chances of getting good jobs compared to other students (Stull & Sanders, 2003). Therefore, school-to-work curriculum assists a student in acquir ing a better job after graduating. Teaching lesson planning concept to education students The subject of effective instructional teaching is very crucial among all the students aspiring to become professional educators. The subject has several discipline-based concepts one of them being the concept of lesson planning. To teach this kind of concepts effectively, it is essential to develop a method that would be based on the school-to-work curriculum. The method I would use to teach this concept is the use of projects. The students would be expected to design and implement a lesson plan under my supervision or that of any other professional educator. To achieve the best possible result using this method I would design a rubric that would assist the students to understand what is required of them and assist the supervisors in helping students achieve highest standards possible in lesson planning. I expected that the teaching method would benefit my students in several ways. It would en able them to have the ability to effectively design and implement a lesson plan. It would equip them with knowledge on the challenges they might encounter in their career and thus help them prepare accordingly. Using this teaching method to teach the concept of lesson planning would enhance the students understanding of the concept and their ability to apply the concept in their specific area of specialization. According to Anderson (2009), a teaching method is effective only if it enhances students’ learning. The approach of teaching that this teaching method uses could enhance learning among students and therefore it is an effective teaching method. Evaluation of the implementation of the school-to-work curriculum School-to-work curriculum involves programs like youth apprenticeship, high school academies, tech-prep program, occupational academic clusters, and cooperative education (Bailey, 1995). Each of these programs has its own implementation approach in the specific si tuation in which they can be implemented successfully. However, currently all these programs can only be implemented only in the high school and college levels of education. The implementation of these programs also requires dedication of professionals as well as resources. Therefore, the implementation of school-to-work curriculum is a somehow cumbersome and thus requires collaboration of various stakeholders.