Seeking Atonement in Crime and Punishment Essay -- Crime Punishment Es

Seeking Atonement in Crime and penalty   Raskolnikov, the protagonist of Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment was a complicated man who committed a crime. Raskolnikov murdered a woman who was a plague to mankind, especially the poor of Russia. In the chilling military operation however, he also murdered her younger sister, Lisaveta. To be purified, he drives himself through much agony. Not until the closing of the novel did he realize he must confess to be atoned and to find love. Consciously, Raskolnikov was averse to admitting his misdeed. He rationalized himself by asserting that the ends justify the means. Alyonas malignant nature, extremified by her outward appearance, and effect on the base alliance depending on and surrounding her. Her sole use for the profits were to upkeep continuous prayers in her horrible name. Although Raskolnikov excused himself this way, the true and conscious reason was only to bear witness his power and ideologies about criminal psycholog y and the superman. In his theory, to be above the law one cannot be discovered because to be punished would be to...

Cosby Park :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

Cosby Park The Great Smoky Mountains is one of the most famous parks in the United States. The park is know for its pleasing mountains and streams, clean air, and frequent rain. My local part of the park is Cosby, located in the Great Smoky Mountains eighty-two miles west of the East Tennessee State University campus (www.nps.gov.grsm.prcoscg.htm). The park is a wonderful, activity-filled stop for any student wanting to get away for a few days. The drive to Cosby passes by quickly because of all the interesting sites along the way. For example, Newport is main office of the Thai Kitchen which has the best food I have ever tasted for only about $8.00 per person. The restaurant offers a variety of dishes such as chicken fried rice, spicy chicken basil fried rice, beef and broccoli and the excellent appetizers of egg rolls and crispy wontons. After stopping for dinner at the Thai Kitchen, you cigarette travel 11 miles west to the Kyle Carver Orchard. The Kyle Carver Orchard was est ablished in 1942 and spreads for over 75 acres. The orchard is known for its fresh cider and sexually attractive apple pies that are fresh baked throughout the day (Heritage Tour 1). After eating your dessert at the Kyle Carver Orchard, you can travel the stay seven miles to the park. Cosby is nestled in a prime spot located thirty minutes from Douglas Lake, Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, and Dollywood. The park has a large picnic area that is known for its frequent visits by the bears that love to snack on the tourists picnic lunches. The park also offers year-around camping with a special camping area designated for those spate with horses. The park has 175 camping sites, so the camping areas are very plentiful for any student wanting to camp for a few days (www.nps.gov/grsm/prcoscg.htm). Personally, my favorite things about the park are its hiking trails, the Low Gap and Appalachian Trails. The Low Gap hiking trail passes through the freezing Cosby Creek and continues along a beauti ful scenic path. The paths are for hikers of any age because of their moderate trail grade. The paths host a variety of unusual flora and fauna including deer, snakes, and bears. In fact, I have never been on the trail without seeing a snake slithering along its path swimming in the creek. My favorite attraction along the Low Gap Trail is the natural spring that is piped down from the mountains.

The beginning :: essays research papers

During my childhood and adolescent years I grew up in very small town. I good deal remember thinking that I knew every iodine and that everyone knew me, and if the truth were known, the majority of them did. I guess this is where you could say that my memories of literacy began. As a child I can remember myself, and some(prenominal) other members of my community not having the literacy skills that most of those who visited or passed through our town did. The folks that passed through were proper whereas those of us who lived in the town seemed as if we had never been outside of our little town, ever. You hear people joke about using words such as aint, wont to, arentcha, and so forth. Well, those were existing words used on a day-to-day basis in my hometown, and lets not forget all the double negatives used. As a child I can remember using the same words myself. It wasnt until I began to meet people outside of my circle of friends and neighbors that I realised that not only was o ur town small and living back in the 1950s still, but the majority of our citizens were uneducated adults who did not know any better. I became interested in watchwords at an early age I would say. While all my friends were outside playing in the woods or riding go carts I would be inside looking at Highlight magazines or reading some of the books that my mother had bought for me at a yard sale one Saturday. I can remember the day that my parents bought my sister and I a label of encyclopedias, which came with two bonus sets. One set was a childrens set of encyclopedias and the other was a set of 8-thick, colorful hardback books. My sister and I just sat there as my parents put them in a chicken feed stand that my mother had. One by one the put them in as while doing so they told each of us that inside each book contained many adventures for us to embark upon. I can remember loving those books so much. I can remember reading them even when I didnt have to look something up from t hem in school. There was such a sense of security and safety behind those books that I could look through them for hours upon hours, and wherefore racing to beat my sister at telling my parents what I had read about.

Epidural In Labor :: essays research papers

Epidural EpidemicDrugs in Labor Are They Really Necessary. . . or Even Safe?The use of epidural anaesthesias is so common straightaway that many perinatal professionals are calling the 1990s the age of the epidural epidemic. Believed by many in the medical profession to be safe and effective, the epidural seems now to be regarded as a veritable panacea for dealing with the pain of childbirth. It is true that most women experience pain during the course of labor. This pain shadow be intense and very real, even for those who have prepared for it. But pain is only one of many possible sensations and experiences that characterize the experience of good-looking birth. Barbara Katz Rothman, a sociologist who studies birth in America, writes that in the medical management of childbirth, the experience of the mother is viewed by physicians as pain pain experienced and pain to be avoided.1 Having experienced childbirth ourselves, we have great compassion for women in painful labors. How ever, we also feel a responsibility to mothers and their babies to explore issues concerning the use of epidural anesthesia in labor issues that are seldom discussed prenatally.Several factors make the use of epidurals potentially hazardous. The Physician&8217s Desk Reference cautions that local anesthetic agents &8211 the type used in epidurals &8211 rapidly cross the placenta. When used for epidural blocks, anesthesia can cause varying degrees of maternal, fetal, and neonatal toxicity which can result in the following placement effects hypotension, urinary retention, fecal and urinary incontinence, paralysis of lower extremities, loss of feeling in the limbs, headache, backache, septic meningitis, slowing of labor, increased need for forceps and vacuum deliveries, cranial nerve palsies, allergic reactions, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and seizures.2 In addition, a piece of the catheter that delivers the drug into the duraregion of the back may break off and be left in the woman, a dangerous risk that necessitates surgical removal. One of the most well-known side effects of spinal anesthesia is a spinal headache. Depending on the amount of anesthetic used and how the catheter was placed, the headache can be mild or severe, lasting between one and ten days after the birth. This is not how any of us wants to feel in our first days and hours with our newborn.Epidurals also have been linked to an overall increase in operative deliveries cesareans, forceps deliveries, and vacuum extractions. A meta-analysis of the effects of epidural anesthesia on the rate of cesarean deliveries was undertaken by a group of physicians who examined, categorized, and analyzed all available literature.

Fashionably Loud :: essays research papers

Do you choose what you wear or does the media choose it for you? I am one of the million Americans who crusade with keeping up with the new trends of the season. The media works their hardest to try to persuade us into buying new things for our home, work, and family. The media today is the with child(p)st advertisements money can buy and some(prenominal) large companies spend millions of dollars for a one-minute commercial on one of the major stations. telly and Magazine elaborate not only on what to wear and when to wear it nevertheless also on what others are wearing such as movie stars, models, music artists. Television, one of the largest media world, gives us the gossip on who is wearing what and what is fashionable for the season. Television shows like Entertainment Tonight, The National Inquirer TV, and Fashion TV are few of the shows that give us information on new trends for every antithetical types of people and in all different countries. Television commercials gi ve us the backbone we need to fall into all the schemes for selling. Designers such as Calvin Klein, Levis and many others try to catch our eye with their cool and crazy commercials. Television influences the way we shop. It accents to each and every one of our wardrobes with telling us what is hot and what is not. Teenagers, especially, give a lot of their attention to these tv set programs and try to be just like the models on the runway. The commercials try to target the younger generation because they will have them in the palm of their hands for the rest of their lives. Also they are easily influenced by Television with the billions of dollars spent on advertisements they have them trapped. Hearing all this, the way these television programs have influence my life is that I love to be in style, as they say. I love to keep up with all the new trends of the season. Since I was a little girl I always had someone to look up to considering my sister was eight years older than I was , I name myself always wanting to be older and always wanting to look and dress just like her and her friends. Also I used to watch all those shows that had to do with modeling and clothing, another example of these shows is House of Style that used to air on MTV.

Fashionably Loud :: essays research papers

Do you choose what you wear or does the media choose it for you? I am one of the million Americans who struggle with keeping up with the new trends of the season. The media flora their hardest to fork out to persuade us into buying new things for our home, work, and family. The media today is the largest advertisements money can buy and many large companies spend millions of dollars for a one-minute commercial on one of the major stations. Television and Magazine elaborate not only on what to wear and when to wear it but also on what others are corrosion such as movie stars, models, music artists. Television, one of the largest media world, gives us the gossip on who is wearing what and what is fashionable for the season. Television shows like Entertainment Tonight, The National asker TV, and Fashion TV are few of the shows that give us information on new trends for all incompatible types of people and in all different countries. Television commercials give us the backbone we n eed to fall into all the schemes for selling. Designers such as Calvin Klein, Levis and many others try to catch our eye with their simmer down and crazy commercials. Television influences the way we shop. It accents to each and every one of our wardrobes with telling us what is hot and what is not. Teenagers, especially, give a lot of their attention to these television programs and try to be just like the models on the runway. The commercials try to target the younger generation because they will have them in the palm of their hands for the rest of their lives. as well as they are easily influenced by Television with the billions of dollars spent on advertisements they have them trapped. Hearing all this, the way these television programs have influence my life is that I love to be in style, as they say. I love to keep up with all the new trends of the season. Since I was a little girl I always had someone to look up to considering my sister was eight years fourth-year than I w as, I found myself always wanting to be older and always wanting to look and dress just like her and her friends. Also I used to watch all those shows that had to do with modeling and clothing, another pillow slip of these shows is House of Style that used to air on MTV.

Ethnic Literature Essay

Ameri plenty literary works is just that American writings. American literature is stories of stack lives that are based on American standards. early(a) American standards where based around slavery and oppression but now they are based on exemptions like freedom of address and press. America has been through with(predicate) many time periods that has shaped it into the wonderful nation that we shit today. True American literature is approximately life in the joined States. This paper will create an understanding about American ethnic literature.What is literary canon? How does literary canon relate to what is going on in society? Is traditional American literature multiethnical? Literary canon is a classification of literature that is used to describe books or literature that is considered to be important of a time period or place. For written material to become canonized, it has to become widely respected by influential literary critics, scholars, teachers, and anyone that is respected in opinions and judgments regarding literary work.A canonized piece of literature becomes very popular and is studied by students in thousand of classrooms around the world (Casey, 2009) Canonized literature reflects the norms or standards that society follows for a certain time period and location. As society changes so does the type of literature that is canonized (Casey, 2009). For example the biggest topic that people are writing about now is the so called end of the world but about one hundred years ago it was about freedom and anti slavery.In my opinion traditional American Literature is multicultural because the American population is a mixture of so many other nicetys. The unify States is a melting pot of cultures of the world and that is what makes the US so interesting. Please define ethnic literature and then indicate what you think the value is in studying it, in your opinion? What special challenges do ethnic writers have within the American literary exp erience? Ethnic literature is piece of writing that is written by people from different cultures, languages, or religion.For example, Native American literature includes memories of creation stories, the tragic wisdom of native ceremonies, trickster narratives, and the outcome of pass off and other occurrences in the most diverse cultures in the world (Vizenor, 1995, p. 1). People with the mix of Spanish, Native American, and African cultures have created Hispanic American literature (Kanellos, 1995). In my opinion, there are many reasons why ethnic literature should be studied. Reason One When you read true literature writing from other religions, you can gain true understanding of what the religion is all about.For example Im a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The LDS or Mormon Church as have sexn by many is a very misunderstood religion. A study of true ethnic literature in this case would eliminate any misunderstanding that people have about the LDS C hurch. Reason Two There are certain cultures that we do not know anything about and when we read about them, we will be able to understand why they do certain things. I want to call this cultural understanding. We have all heard the saying, You cant judge a book by its cover. then we shouldnt judge a religion or a culture by the things they do until we understand why they do those things. How do ethnic writers define literature? How does that differ from the canon of traditional American literature? Traditional American literature and ethnic literature differ based on the back ground of the author. Traditional American literature is influenced by culture within the United States. Ethnic literature is influenced by culture outside of the United States.The author Mark Twain comes to mind first because he is a talented American author that wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and later Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. Both of these novel get their story lines and settings from Twain life a nd growing up in Hannibal Missouri. Twain based these novels culturally in the United States and not in another unsophisticated. If Twain would have based these novels in another country they would be considered ethnic literature is stead of traditional literature. These novels would have been totally different based in another culture.Life in the United States is out-of-the-way(prenominal) different then life in Africa or Nigeria. Parts of Africa are considered third world countries. Traditional America literature is based in the US. What historical, socio-political, and cultural topics might be cover by ethnic writers? How does this differ from the canon of traditional American literature? Slavery and Voting Rights are major topics covered by ethnic writers. How are the American literary themes of liberty, opportunity and equality addressed in ethnic literature?American history is full of stories about liberty, opportunity, and equality for other ethnic groups. For example Black s had to fight for the same freedoms that where give to Whites in the early years of our wonderful nation. Many novels where written trying to Early American standards where based around slavery and oppression but now they are based on freedoms like freedom of speech and press. America has been through many time periods that has shaped it into the wonderful nation that we have today. True American literature is about life in the United States.References Casey, J. (2009). Canon Issues and differentiate Contexts Teaching American Literature from a Market Perspective. Radical Teacher, (86), 18-27. Dickstein, M. (2007). Going Native When American literature became good enough for Americans, what happened to the literary canon?. American Scholar, 76(1), 150-155. Kanellos, N. (1995). Hispanic American literature. A brief introduction and anthology. New York, NY Addison-Wesley. Vizenor, G. (1995). Native American literature. A brief introduction and anthology. New York, NY Addison-Wesley.

Christianity in the Roman empire Essay

The Ancient roman prints were polytheistic, thus believed in pagan gods and worshipped idols. After some time, a new religion called Christianity rose among the muckle of Judea. However, as curtly as it appeared the Romans started to violate Christians for not worshipping the emperor and for refusing to go to the army. compensate though Christians were persecuted, the religion spread around the Roman Empire at a glance. This was imputable to the alley system in Rome, the common languages spoken by the quite a little, to the fact that any whiz could convert to Christianity and finally that it was impossible to annihilate an estimation.The Roman Empire had an amazing road system which bonded the gigantic empire. When Christianity appeared, the idea of the religion traveled quickly due to the roads that led to Rome. In a few days Romans knew what and where was everything happening. If it wasnt for the roads Christianity wouldnt have spread so quickly. However due to the Roman road system it did. The roads not only unified the whole empire but also contributed into spreading the new religion around it. However if it wasnt for the Latin language, the Christian ideas wouldnt spread that fast. The Latin language was one the major bonds of the Roman Empire. In addition it played a huge role in spreading of Christianity. Everyone in Rome spoke one decreed language. So the success of Christianity was also due to the common language Latin. Finally, the road system helped a lot with the spreading of Christianity, however without the common language, Latin it would never spread as fast.One of the things Jesus wanted to change in Judaism was the conversion rules.He didnt wish well the fact that people had to do a lot of things in order to become Jewish. Jews didnt want people to convert to their religion that is why they made the rules harsh. Jesus on the other softwood tried to simplify Judaism and later it became known as a separate religion Christianity. What was interesting in Christianity is that fact that anyone could become a Christian, no national what they did, where they lived or who they were. Christianity spread because of its appeal to those who led hard lives. It gave a sense of community and fellowship to the people. There were no class distinctions or sex differences in the religion. Christians believed that in G-ds eyes everyone was the like. When people all around the empire heard about these ideas they were interested, because they were new and unique, and that is why thousands of them converted to Christianity.However when there were too many another(prenominal) people joining Christians, The Romans became very angry because now they couldnt unite every one in the empire by worshipping the emperor. And now Christians come on and they ruined all of their plans of bonding the empire. The Romans started to persecute Christians all over the empire. By persecuting Christians they made the religion stronger because people saw others who were willing to die for a religion. Even though Christians persecutions were sporadic and evil they couldnt wipe out all the Christians, that is why the idea continued to bring up. The religion spread chiefly due to the fact that Christians were martyrs, the idea that people were killed for their beliefs made the religion more attractive for others it must have been something special to die for, so people followed it and Christianity spread.An idea is a seed that was buried deep inside the rationality by somebody. No one is able to see it it doesnt stand on someones way because it is deep inside the ground and impossible to see. The seed is strong because it is unified. However time makes it grow and develop, and break through ground to order of battle up outside the earth to see the sun. The sun gives it energy and it continues to grow it becomes strong, powerful and big.But as soon as it starts to develop new ideas consider the people on that plant and new bra nches develop, making the plant bigger and bigger, until it starts to annoy someone. That someone sees lots of people following the ideaand they start to persecute in order to destroy everything on their way, everything they can see They cut off the new ideas, torture the plant but they can not destroy the roots, the concept, the idea because it continues to live deep inside the ground. The Romans saw a beautiful plant, Christianity that was blooming and growing and developing. They wanted to unite all the Romans by worshipping the emperor. However Christianity started to grow their own plant and refused to worship the emperor or go to the army. This made Romans angry and they started to persecute Christians, they wanted to destroy their plant.By persecuting one Christian, others that shared the same beliefs and views on the world, tried to help him, maybe they did not succeed but more and more people joined to help Christians, who were tortured by the Romans, people that were tired and knew that were going to die anyway joined Christians to pay off to the Romans, they wanted to revenge. In addition Christianity gave hopes for the people that were tired of the Roman control. Thousand people joined, thus it united people and made them stronger. Even though millions were killed there were others that joined and the idea was never destroyed.For the Romans and for everyone it seemed that Christianity was already dead, but no, the roots were still alive. Christianity was like an iceberg, the Romans destroyed everything they saw but not the idea, not the roots The roots continued to grow inside and they became strong and united deep inside the ground where no one could see them.Finally, Christianity survived and dominated the Roman Empire because everyone could easily become a Christian, the news traveled really fast in the Roman Empire and it was impossible to destroy a unique idea. To conclude Christianity succeeded because it gave the people of Rome who were tire d of the instability, hope. Moreover Romans didnt really care what Christians believed in, Roman presidential term was instable and they needed scapegoats, who were extreme with their opinions and were ruining the stability of the Roman Empire, such as Christians.

Game Console Industry

The halting console industry is unpredictable, as the market leader changes as frequently as new games being released. Currently, the well-nigh large(p) console manufacturers in the industry atomic number 18 Sony (PlayStation), Microsoft (Xbox), and Nintendo (Wii). While Sony and Microsoft focus on powerful machines and games targeted at older teens and young adults, Nintendos family friendly, less graphically minute consoles target an entirely different market, and is not applicable to the Sony/Microsoft battle. The adoption of consoles depends heavily on one factor the subject matter available.A console manufacturer needs to pitch third-party developer support in narrate to aim a steady stream of select video games being released throughout the year. Although brand loyalty, technical capabilities and expenditure sure as shooting plays a part on the purchase decision of an individual, consumers tend to buy the console that offers the games that the consumers enjoy the mo st. Sony and Microsoft some(prenominal) publish a catalogue of a uncomparable line up of video games made in-house as well as receive royalties from third-party video game developers such as Electronic Arts and Activision (ATVI).Microsoft and Sony some(prenominal) use a passage leader strategy, pricing their consoles lower than the merchandiseion cost thus, increasing the market for higher margin sales of related softwarfaree, licensing fees, accessories, and downloadable content. As such, both potents sacrifice console receipts to attract customers to adopt their eco frame. This pricing strategy for game consoles, coupled with each consoles respective open dates, has immense effect on setting the competitiveness of the companies for years to come.Historically, higher sign pricing methods bottlenecked initial uptake on consoles, and is often followed by price cuts to encourage greater adoption. During the engulf of Xbox 360 and PS3, the price disparity and subsequent pric e drops hugely altered consumer purchasing decisions. The lower initial price point for Xbox 360 resulted in a quick grab for market share, but Sony followed with price cuts thus, resulting in a price war one that was won by Sony in amount number of sales, but also the most amount of losses.To most consumers, these consoles are mutually exclusive and purchase decision is mostly based on prise for money. Timing of the immerse is also crucial as many gamers aim to be first adopters for new consoles. Relationship with Gaming Suppliers and Consumers The victors abuse exists callable to the biased optimism of gambolders and the unknown repute of the object being conjure on. This is especially true in the heated rivalry between Xbox atomic number 53 and PlayStation 4. The bid that these two giants are trying to win is the hearts of the console period of play community.However, both companies are unable to actually quantify how much the console gaming industry is worth as biddi ng takes place during the production phase, prior to sales. Generally video game players can be segmented into PC gamers, soothe Gamers, or Casual Gamers. The PC gamers are currently being served by Gaming PCs, with the latest technology and the widest variety of customization regarding multimedia this is essentially the enthusiasts market.The Casual Gamers are generally younger gamers who have less of a focus on the depth and graphical intensity of games. This demographic is currently being satisfied by Nintendos Wii & DS or a normal home PC. Both the PS4 and the Xbox One can be categorized as serving the console gamers, for these gamers often subscribe high quality machines, certain elements of media integration, and high degree of innovation from new generation consoles. However, above all else, the quality of games and price of systems are the primary order victors for console gamers.The quality of games is generally determined based on the two factors of aesthetic and gamep lay. The aesthetics of a game depends largely on the processing capabilities of the system period the gameplay comes from the creative minds of the game developers. Thus, for Sony and Microsoft to accurately predict the relative demand for their consoles, they need to evaluate the strength of both these key success factors. In the 8th generation of consoles, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 have very similar processing power and graphics rendering capabilities.The similarity of the two devices mean that the order winner for a console gamer bequeath not be based on the internal capabilities, rendering demand predictions using aesthetics of a game irrelevant. With regards to game play, this falls squarely on the shoulders of game developers and publishers. Both Sony and Microsoft have their in-house gaming development arm under subsidiaries. Microsofts game developer, 343 industries are responsible for the blockbuster knock Halo 4, which hasalready sold 4 million copies to date.On the S ony side their in-house developers, Naughty Dog has created the Uncharted franchise and has sold 5 million copies with its warrant instalment alone. From an exclusive content perspective, both companies all have clear winners and it is very difficult to predict which exclusive content will outsell the former(a). off from exclusive titles, there are also independent game developers such as Activision-Blizzard and Square Enix.These independent game developers are capable of influencing player doings by releasing exclusive content on specific systems. For example, Microsofts partnership with Activision on Call of Duty Modern Warfare 3 (COD MW3), ensures that specific content only gets released over the Xbox platform, thus incentivizing players to choose Xbox during the games release in November 2011. Microsofts success with Call of Duty does not however spell censure for Sony, as Sonys partnership with developers like Square Enixs Final Fantasy franchise creates enormous success as well.In the end, not only are most games playable across the two different platforms, but even for the exclusive contents the two firms are essentially ensuring competitive exclusives are available on their respective consoles. Adding to this uncertainty is the fact that games are very much like animated blockbuster movies, while having a talented cast of game developers for sure lowers the risk of creating an unpopular game, it is not guaranteed to always be a hit. A perfect example of this is the game Haze, supported by Sonys PS3 and developed by the All-Star developer Free Radical Design.Prior to its release it was deemed to be the Halo (one of Xboxs most successful franchises) killer. However, once the game hit the shelves it was met with lukewarm reception and only 500K in sales, which resulted in the closure of Free Radical and a huge write-off for Sony. At the time of production for Xbox One and PS4, many games for the consoles have yet to be developed therefore, making it almost impossible to foresee which franchise will continue to do well and which will fail.One key order winner for console gamers is the quality of games, yet on this specific metric Microsoft and Sony are practically non-differentiable and it is nearly impossible to predict which console will fare better than the other(a). Subsequently, because of this ambiguity, it contributes to the notion that in this common value auction sale, the players do not know the actual market value of the item they are bidding on, and will likely overpay due to the uncertainty. The launch of PS4 and Xbox One As the launch of PS4 and Xbox One is extremely recent, there has been little market data to show who is winning out the competition.Because these consoles are the ordinal generation of gaming platforms, observing current actions in comparison to past events can grant us a view into their individual competitive advantages and value their strategy. The pricing strategy for Xbox One is to offer th e console at a much higher premium. At $499USD, the Xbox is $100 to a greater extent than the PS4, which is largely attributed to the Kinect 2 motion-sensing technology as part of the package. It is yet too early to tell how consumers will react to this huge price discrepancy, as the value added for the bundled technology creates an interesting value proposition.This pricing strategy is also noticeably opposite of what Microsoft has done in the past. In the previous generation of consoles, Microsoft sold each Xbox 360 at a loss of $126, while Sony saw $130 loss per PS3. Microsoft claims to be, at minimum, breaking even per unit of Xbox One to cover variable costs. While this discourages a price war like what has taken place in the pass through Sony and Microsofts use of loss leader strategy through their pricing, it is yet to be seen if consumers will be able to swallow the $100 difference. In contrast, Sony is selling the PS4 at an average loss of $60 per console, at a price of $39 9 per unit.Even with the addition of PS Eye, a similar accessory to the Kinect 2 the $100 premium of Xbox One is still higher the PS4 cost with PS Eye. We can see that Sony chose to continue to keep abreast a loss-leading strategy, potentially overestimating the revenue that can be reaped from future sales. Sony is still operating with the optimistic idea that by incurring a high initial loss, they will be able to reap higher benefits in the future, continuing their vicious cycle of the Winners curse. Microsofts merchandise expenditure for the Xbox One launch is expected to exceed $120 million USD.Assuming that Microsoft is breaking even per each console sold, that means it needs to sell at least 200K consoles fair to see a return on marketing investment. Noting the fact that Xbox Ones controller itself cost over $100MM USD to develop, a small snippet of skilful R&D costs, the timeframe at which Xbox makes a positive interlock present value remains to be seen. Xbox 360 sold just over 79MM units over its time-span with shifty consumer focus away(p) from consoles to PC gaming, it is hard to predict just how lucrative or unprofitable the One will be for Microsoft.The situation is just as devastating for Sony with a unit contribution loss of $60, it would take a lot of cross-product sales to achieve a return on investment. Sony is just as heavily invested in terms of development and marketing costs compared to Microsoft. Even with the uncertainty of consumer adoption and market share capture rate, the two firms are discharge head-to-head in hopes of securing a return on their investment through capturing more of the pie. Beyond competing on price and marketing, Sony and Microsoft are competing for first adopters through launch dates.Historically, Sony gained the gaming console market first with the original PlayStation while Microsoft waited a whole generation before entering. PS2 dominated the sixth generation of gaming consoles while the original Xbox o nly assembleed about 1/8th of the pie. By launching 13 months ahead in in Europe, Microsoft in effect(p)ly out competed Sony and was able to gain almost half of the market share. This neck to neck competition means the launch of the eighth generation of consoles will determine who truly wins out in the console world, as clearly both firms are much more concerned about getting their consoles into peoples homes at any cost.Interestingly, Microsoft dogged to launch in the Eurozone ahead of Sony while the situation is reversed for the North American market. The two firms are essentially trying to steal shares from each others respective strongholds. There are many competitive strategies at play for this battle, but regardless of these actions, both firms are losing money. Microsoft has been making a net loss with the gaming division in the past decade, largely attributable to the winners curse and also price wars. There has been signals that Microsoft wants to shift away from this co mpetition that has resulted in such heavy losses on both sides.With a pricing that supposedly creates a unit contribution of zero, Microsoft is no continuing suffering from the Winners curse to win out the bid of each individual consumers wallet. Although it has yet to be seen whether this will be effective as consumers are price sensitive in this industry, Microsoft is also trying to change its value proposition and appeal more to the mass market. Microsofts marketing launch strategy focuses largely on pushing the entertainment hub aspect of the product, as foreign to solely the gaming aspect.Many of Microsofts marketing ads have been center on the multimedia content and screen sharing technology of the console. This aims to shift Xboxs value proposition away from Playstations game centric focus, and plan of attack to communicate to consumers the value for money. In contrast, Sony continues to align their image to fit the hard-core gaming segment alongside the pursuit of the lo ss-leading strategy. This image is not only reflected in marketing techniques, but also the technical specifications of the consoles.Even with the lower price of the PS4, Sony chose to integrate a more powerful console, in hopes that the hardcore gamers will buy more games. The heavy initial spending on R&D and marketing is in essence a bid for greater market share. Contrary to the winners curse, in this competition between Sony and Microsoft there is no winner as increased spending has not translated to greater profits. The pricing and technological attributes of the product is also a bid for each consumers purchasing dollar in which the winner makes either a loss or no profit for the console sold.These individual transactions amalgamate to result in the desire to gain a larger share of the pie through greater console sales which leads to heavy losses on both sides. Winners Curse Winners curse occurs in a common value auction due to incomplete information. In the case of Sony and M icrosoft, the adoption rate of their respective consoles is the objective of the auction. Since the value of each customer is worth roughly the same to both Microsoft and Sony, they have equal incentives to win the bid and they are differentiated only by their individual valuations.Prior to the launch of the Xbox One and PlayStation 4, Microsoft and Sony independently evaluates the value of the market which historically has been inaccurate. At the end, the player that wins the auction and sells the most amount of consoles will often be the one that incurs the largest losses. This is perfectly exemplified in the seventh generation consoles of Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, where PlayStation won the bid and outsold Xbox, but in doing so, it cost Sonys console gaming division $5B relative to Microsofts loss of $3B. These corporations can justify such large losses as they have cash cows in other divisions.The fact that these losses are justifiable is due to both firms competitive orientati on if one pulls out of the market, the other would dominate and be profitable. This has been seen in Olympic broadcast rights bidding where stations are willing to lose just so competition wont gain. The reason for such over-bidding comes down to optimism. Since the value of consumer adoption is nearly impossible to estimate, Sony and Microsoft are essentially guessing what their potential monetary success would. From this uncertainty, the winner is alone the one that made the bigger and more optimistic mistake.In the last generation Sony won the auction by making aggressive price cuts following the launch of their console as well as investing heavily into marketing and development expenditures. This spending exceeds the actual value generated from sales of the console and games thus, resulted in a large deficit of $5 billion dollars. Both firms have been extremely stubborn in their strategies, going head to head to ensure the other firm does not win. As discussed previously, there has been signs that both firms are acknowledging this winners curse scenario, resulting in both aiming to focus on different segments of the consumer market.As this industry is relatively young and consumer interests are fickle and unpredictable, there has been uncertainty in the value of the market. The loss-leading strategy was extremely effective and profitable for Sony during the sixth generation of consoles, prompting Microsoft to enter into the industry. As such, now it is impossible for one to pull out as both realize the market potential when there are no steer competitors. Another strategy for Microsoft or Sony to adopt is to occupy another space and focus their appeal to specific consumers.Nintendos Wii was able to be extremely profitable and outsell both Xbox 360 and PS3 as it appealed to a wider demographic, stressing the value proposition of social gaming. The Xbox One is aiming to occupy a different space by becoming a multimedia hub rather than just a gaming consol e. However, the success of this is yet to be determined. Analysts suggest that the Xbox should be priced lower in order to compete against the PS4 and PS Eye bundle. However, looking back at this price war and continued winners curse, it may be a better strategy for Xbox to obligate its price position.Sony at this moment is more on the defensive where they are not able to raise their price without suffering backlash from consumers. As well, it may be prudent for Sony to wait and see Xboxs transition away from hard-core gaming to see if they regain adoption rates from this demographic. The winners curse has plagued this segment of the gaming industry severely in the past decade with Xbox and PlayStation. As Microsoft tries to redefine its appeal and shift to a more warmheartedness segment of the market, this winners curse will start to be alleviated.This can only be realized if consumers accept Xboxs new position, differently the negative spiral continues. Ideally, a consumer wil l be educated in the differences between the two and purchase based on pragmatic reasons as opposed to perceived value. Xbox pricing their product at cost is a strong indication there is desired change to avoid the winners curse. similarly Sony is losing less per unit of PS4 as well. With less incremental loss per unit, the firms will hopefully generate a profit in the long-run for their gaming divisions.

Gulliver’s Travels: Don Pedro de Mendez

In the beginning, Book IV of Gullivers Travels starts off as an al or so comedic anarchist horizontal surface of a captain being held hostage on his own ship and being thrown off board on a strange unacknowledged island, but in reality ends up being a satiric comment on society with a deep philosophical meaning. The author, Jonathan Swift, cleverly intertwined umpteen intelligent, complex and interesting contributions into the voyages of the antagonist Lemuel Gulliver. founding father Pedro De Mendez, a character introduced by Swift in the eleventh chapter, serves great use to the plot as tumesce as to the readers understanding of Book IV of Gullivers Travels.Particularly as a bridge between two worlds the reason (being the land of the Houyhnhnms) and the lawless (the yahoos or serviceman around the world). acquire Pedro De Mendez serves as a function of making the antagonist reflect. When the first encounter is do with Don Pedro we see that he is an outstanding hick. He was a very courteous and generous person desired to know what I would eat or drink but he request me a chicken and some excellent wine. (Swift 2456). The reader acknowledges from the start that he is a kindly, generous, amiable and loving man.Many manners Don Pedro gets towards Gulliver leads him to bulge his questioning in regard of whether humankind is really as awful as the Houyhnhnms have portrayed. that I wondered to find such civilities in a bumpkin (Swift 2456). Don Pedro showed care for Gulliver not only when he took him on board gratis but when he saved him from jumping off the boat to his death. He desired to know my reason for so desperate an attempt assured me he only meant to do me all the service he was able that at last I descended to treat him like an animal which had some little portion of reason (Swift 2456).At this point Gulliver begins to realise that, even though he is legato repulsed by human look and smell, not every Yahoo is as appalling as he is lead to be take a breatherve. At this point, it is quite obvious that Don Pedro is inserted into the plot for a definite reason and it starts to take effect on Gulliver. Not only does he manage to withstand Don Pedro and his sailors company but he begins to create false pretences but pretending I was sick, kept close in my cabin. (Swift 2458) while he says that only Yahoos lie the use of speech was to make us understand bingle another, and to receive information of facts now, if any one said the occasion which was not, these ends were defeated, because I cannot properly be said to understand him and I am so far from receiving information, that he leaves me worse than in ignorance for I am led to believe a thing black, when it is white, and short, when it is long. (Swift 2428). For I had quite forgot the faculty of lying, so particular to Yahoos in all countries where they preside, and consequently the disposition of suspecting truth in others of their own species. (Swift 2456). More a nd more as the plot refines itself, Gulliver begins to regain old everyday humanoid habits. I only desired he would lend me two clean shirts, which having been washed since he wore them, I believed would not so much defile me. These I changed every second day, and washed them myself. (Swift 2457). The captain persuaded me to accept a suit of clothes newly made which I aired for twenty-four minute of arcs before I would use them. (Swift 2457). Jonathan Swift also used the character of Don Pedro as a plot mover. He helps advance and continue the plot in many ways.Primarily, if his ship was not spotted at just the perfect time by Gulliver, Gulliver would have move to the northern end of the peninsula and probably have been hunted down by natives and murdered. The presence of Don Pedro saves Gullivers life twice that day, and in half an hour stole out, when I fancy the crew was at dinner and getting to the side of the ship, was going to leap into the sea, and swim for my life, rat her than continue among Yahoos. But one of the seamen prevented me I was chained to my bed (Swift 2456) so if Don Pedros men would not have been there to stop Gulliver from jumping, the plot would have ended. When they began to talk, I thought I never heard or saw any thing so unnatural, for it appeared to me as monstrous as if a dog or a cow should speak in England, or a Yahoo in Houyhnhnmland (Swift 2456). Also, Don Pedro and his men were the first Yahoos he spoke to in five years, which helped his progression from a houyhnhnm to a humanoid. When they began to talk they spoke to me with great humanity, and said they were sure their captain would carry me gratis to Lisbon. (Swift 2456). Finally, thinking that Gulliver is ready, shown in this quote In a weeks time he seduced me down to the door.I found my terror gradually lessened, but my hatred and contempt seemed to increase. I was at last intrepid enough to walk the streets in his company. (Swift 2458). Don Pedro assists th e plot by persuasively pushing Gulliver to return to his hometown in England and try to weave back into society. Don Pedro launch it upon me as a point of honour and conscience that I ought to return to my native country, and live at home with my wife and children. (Swift 2457). Although Don Pedros intentions were kind and comely, the attempt was a failure.Once arrived in Redriff, his hometown, he realised that he was not cured. The sight of them filled me only with hatred, disgust and contempt my wife took me in her arms, and kissed me at which, having not been used to the touch of that odious animal for so many years, I fell in a swoon for almost an hour. (Swift 2459). In conclusion, Don Pedro De Mendez serves as a function of making the antagonist reflect on whether he shall return to the world of the Yahoos or not, in this sense Jonathan Swift uses his character as a plot mover thus demonstrating a bridge between two worlds.Don Pedro also serves as a summary clearly stating the most important part of the climax to the readers so they may understand better what is going on. In general, Swift uses Don Pedro as a coin trade on one side we find the rational world of the Houyhnhnms and on the other side the irrational world of the Yahoos or humankind. If you compared the situation between the Houyhnhnms and the Yahoos to present society throughout the world, how rational are we exactly?Difference in opinions has cost many millions of lives for instance, whether embodiment be bread, or bread be flesh whether the juice of a certain berry be blood or wine whether whistling be a vice or a right whether it be better to kiss a post, or throw it into the fire what is the best colour for a coat, whether black, white, red, or gray and whether it should be long or short, narrow or wide, dirty or clean with many more. Neither are any wars so furious and bloody, or of so long a continuance, as those occasioned by difference in opinion, especially if it be in things indifferent. (Swift 2432).

Trolley Dodgers Case

Executive Summary The Trolley dodgers was exposed that it had infixed attend problems existed. The other hand, instal that employees embezzlement. The first dampen of this report severalise and explain the characteristics of employee fraud indicated in foxs case. much(prenominal) as culprit must gains the trust or confidence of the soul or company being defrauded. etc And then, the second part is explain the informal reign oer weaknesses and understanding internal take care objectives . The third part based on the understanding of the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations internal withstand.Final part is recommendation for Dodgers internal require problems. Table of Contents cosmos3 Characteristics of the employee fraud in Trolley Dodgers case3 The internal program line weaknesses in the Dodgers breaksheet body4 The critical evaluation of the internal construe problems in the Dodgers payroll department department corpse5 Recommendation for Dodgers internal con trol problems7 book of facts List9 Introduction In this report, I pass on be divided into four parts. The first part will coating Identify and explain the characteristics of employee fraud .The second part is explain the internal control weaknesses that were evident in the Dodger payroll system . the internal control weaknesses totallyow no self-reliant check and Dodgers dont nurse separation of duties, etc. The third part is to understanding the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations internal control frame formulate to evaluate internal control problems. The COSOs internal control framework arrive five interrelated components. the five components includes avow environment ,Control activities, Risk assessment , Information and intercourse and Monitoring.The final part is recommendation for Dodgers internal control problems. Characteristics of the employee fraud in Trolley Dodgers case Employee fraud is an employee within the company to improperly deceptive means to obtain the companys money or other property. by means of understand to Romney and Steinbart for the employee fraud has a number of important characteristics. However, the analysis and interpretation in this case related to employee fraud Characteristics. One basic characteristics of employee fraud is perpetrator must gains the trust or confidence of the person or company being defrauded.In the case mentioned Edward Campos is operations payroll Chief. He is longtime running(a) for the Dodgers . He was known non only for his work ethic only when also for his loyalty to the club . However, His boss think Campos was on vacation ,He will came back to company and did the payroll. Dodgers Trusted him. The facts aim proved that perpetrators has gained the trust of the company , His behavior is consistent with employee fraud of characteristics . Many employee fraud cases are the characteristics of perpetrators and employers to establish a good relationship of trust.Other case about Bess is ca shier supervisor at the campus student health services(SHS)? she is indisputable employee? she was able to pluck this fraud undetected for nearly 13 years? why? But the answer is simply Beca hold dont anyone suspected the SHS cashier supervisor because she was a trusted, well-liked employee. Fraud look for finds that most members of the general public fulfill the profile of the typical fraud perpetrator(Peterson and Gibson 2003). But Dodgers case and Bess case similar, so to meet this characteristics of employee fraud.The fraud perpetrators use false or misleading training to obtain asset or money is the fundamental elements of employee fraud. This element is required no use other knockdown-dragout offenders, Other employee fraud is they the hide their tracks by falsifying testifys or other information (Romney and Steinbart 2009). Because he false profits income of workers, He registered about $ 2000 hebdomadary wage employees. However, the real wages of workers earning $ 7 per hour. His salary much than 55% false.On the other hand, He all told control lead the payroll system for filling out the weekly payroll cards for the employees of the Dodgers. Because, He designed and implemented to payroll and only himself understand full payroll system. Other case admitted to manipulating work samples, falsifying translates to cover up its poor performance as a Medicare contractor(Healthcare Financial Management 1998) . Demonst swan through their privileged position to falsifying records is general public fit the profile of the characteristics fraud perpetratorThe internal control weaknesses in the Dodgers payroll system Internal control refers the process implement by the corporate bill of fare of directors, arrangers and other staff, and provide reasonable assurance . The purpose of internal control is to ensure the dependableness and accuracy of pecuniary reporting, efficiency of operations, and compliance with laws and regulations. The internal contr ol weakness in the Dodgers payroll system include 1. The Trolley Dodgers dont shoot independent check and performance .Because, Campos controlled the system so completely that he ad hominemly filled out the weekly payroll cards for individually of the 400 employees of the Dodgers. 2. Trolley Dodgers should have must vacation for senior managers. Because, A management position working in a long time, then he will be more familiar with the internal control vulnerabilities, the realizable implementation corruption. 3. The Dodgers dont have separation of duties, Campos is operations payroll chief. He designed and implemented of a new payroll system,.However, this is only himself understanding of all system operations. He was the trusted employee who got trusted too much, However,that Campos took advantage of his authorization. He came back during vacation to do the payroll. On the other hand, Camps routinely inflated the number of hours worked by several employees and then split th e resulting overpayments fifty-fifty with those individuals. These employees pay $ 7 per hour, but these employees weekly wage approaching $2000. He did not ensure the integrity of assets and reliability of financial reporting.This information is also proved that the internal control failed to arrived goal of the segregation of duties. Enterprises to integrity and establish the internal organization, it is the economic activity of firms for planning, directing and autocratic the organizational basis, the core problem is a reasonable segregation of duties. Under normal circumstances, Dealing with each production line or the economy in the self-coloured process a few important aspects, Companies need to be up to the two departments or two or more departments, two or more staff for the purpose of mutual control.The critical evaluation of the internal control problems in the Dodgers payroll system What is internal control ? Different people have different interpretations. General p eople to understand the internal control for the organization to reduce work of the decision-making errors and defects in the implementation of the control, These controls whitethorn be internal oversight, it may be management manuals, rules and regulations. These theories are not wrong, but not comprehensive. In accordance with the internal control theory, these are only part of the internal control, but not all.Internal control theory suggests that internal control is a systematic framework, It is built on the basis of risk management. The five elements include Control environment ,Control activities, Risk assessment , Information and communication and Monitoring . (Romney and Steinbart 2009). We call this architecture as Committee of Sponsoring Organisations (COSO) internal control framework. The internal control merged framework has been widely adopted as the principal way to evaluate internal controls. Will through the five elements to evaluate the internal control problems wi th the Dodgers payroll system.The control environment is the establishment, Strengthen or weaken the specific policies, procedures and their impact on the efficiency of the various factors, mainly refers to the major factor. Control environment have a direct impact on the implementation of internal control and execution of chore objectives and related to the overall strategic objectives. Control environment, including the values of employees, effect competence, managements business model, the allocation of veraciouss and responsibilities. In this case have found problem is Trolley Dodgers no reasonable structure and clear division of responsibility approach.Because, Campos is payroll chief. However, Campos completely controlled the payroll system for filling out the weekly payroll cards for the employees of the Dodgers. in that locationfore, the formation of a single department, resulting in no mutual constraints of the internal control system. The control activates is Instruc tion is to help executive management policies and procedures. It throughout the organization, at all directs and functions, including a variety of activities such as approvals, authorizations, confirmed that adjustment, business performance evaluation, asset protection and separation of duties.The Trolley Dodgers dont have separation of duties, However,that Campos took advantage of his authorization. He came back during vacation to do the payroll. Risk assessment is to identify and analyze the process of achieving goals related risks, which with the economy, industry, regulatory and operating conditions are constantly changing, the need to establish a mechanism to identify and deal with the corresponding risks. Dodgers case dischargenot be any problem in this regard. Information and communication is surrounding the control activities are information and communication.From internal and external information must be a certain format and time interval to confirm the capture and transf er to ensure the companys employees to perform their respective duties. Effective communication is a broad communication, including the enterprise from top to bottom, bottom-up and horizontal communication. Effective communication includes the relevant information with parties outside the enterprise effective communication and exchange, such as customers, suppliers, administration and shareholders.Dodgers does not have very good communication, so senior managers do not understand the financial statements of a problem. Monitoring is the wide business process must be monitored. Through the normal management and control activities and staff activities in the course of his duties to monitor, to evaluate the quality of operation of the system. valuation of different steps depending on the scope and implementation of risk assessment and monitoring program effectiveness. By understanding the Dodgers case can determine a great part of this monitoring problem.Dodgers not have normal compan y monitoring department. Lead to administrator cant find employee fraud. Recommendation for Dodgers internal control problems Based on understanding of the COSO internal control framework and the Dodgers facts, I recommend Dodgers to strengthen its internal control system. Internal controls perform terce important point, segregation of duties , strengthen the monitoring and Must ensure that the accounting documents and accounting records of the completeness and correctness.All of those three are suitable for Dodgers situation. Three proposals are as follows 1. When these functions are combined in one individual, it is possible to the misappropriation asset and conceal the crime by manipulating the related records ? such as overpayment 55% with those employee. So, When the economic activity of firms for planning, directing and controlling the organizational basis, the core problem is a reasonable segregation of duties.Under normal circumstances, dealing with the whole process of bus iness of each economy, Must two department or more than two departments, two or more two employees take responsibility, its purpose is to restrict each other. Therefore, Separating the incompatible functions of cash arranging and cash custody, independent check of cash received and cash deposited, The mandatory vacations with other personnel performing duties during the employees absence. 2. Dodgers need to strengthen monitoring. However, it is necessary to establish an internal audit department.Internal audit is to strengthen the internal control system is a basic measure. Internal audit responsibilities include the critique of accounts, It also includes inspection, evaluation of internal control system is perfect. Through the companys financial report of audit. The audit report submitted to the Board of Directors. Thus ensuring the companys internal control system more perfect. 3. Must ensure that the accounting documents and accounting records of the completeness and correctnes s. Because in this case found that the perpetrators falsified accounting documents.Conclusion Through the analysis of the Trolley Dodgers case, we found internal control have weakness It dont have separation of duties and dont have independent check and performance. Also, Dodgers had internal control issues according to the Committee of Sponsoring Organisations (COSO) internal control framework . Analysis of the case of internal control, and finally gives three suggestions. Recommendations include segregation of duties , strengthen the monitoring and Must ensure that the accounting documents and accounting records of the completeness and correctness.Reference List Book references Romney, MB & Steinbart, PJ 2009, Accounting information systems, 11th edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River. Academic Journal articles references Bonita K Peterson and Thomas H Gibson. savant health services a case of employee fraud In Journal of Accounting Education 2003 21(1)61-73 HFM (Healthcar e Financial Management) Illinois Medicare carrier guilty of fraud, agrees to a $144 cardinal settlement. September 98, Vol. 52 Issue 9, p10, 1/4p LIN LINTrolley Dodgers CaseCASE STUDY THE TROLLEY DODGERS 1. Identify the key audit objectives for a leaf nodes payroll function. Comment on both objectives related to tests of control and those related to tests of control s and those related to substantive audit procedure. The key audit objectives for clients payroll function in this Trolley Dodgers Case are i. Occurrence ii. Completeness iii. Accuracy iv. Posting & Summarization v. Classification vi. Timing i. Key examine Objective Occurrence Dodgers must recorded payroll payments for existing employees only and should have separation of duties for each t affect. mental test of Control Examine internal control to recognise if the payroll payments are for exiting work and existing employees. The test could be examining all the workers time cards, personnel files and review organiza tion chart. They also can talk over with employees and observe duties being performed. The tests would examine printouts of proceedings rejected by the computer as having nonexistent employee numbers. Substantive Test of movements The test to see if the right dollar amount in the payrolls were recorded and paid properly.They also test to review large dollar amount in the diary entries, general volume and payroll earnings. Examine call off checks for proper endorsement could be compare with a personnel record. ii. Key Audit Objective Completeness Dodgers must record all existent payroll deeds. Test of Control The test is to see if the existing payrolls are recorded. If employees do not get any payment, so they can instantly report to the employer. They also test to review the renumbered payroll check to find the missing one. Substantive Test of Transaction They can compare the book and payroll bank statement.Therefore, they will prove the bank reconciliation and can look for unmatched dollars amount. iii. Key Audit Objective Accuracy Dodgers recorded payroll transactions are for the amount of time actually worked and at the proper pay rates accuracy. Test of Control The test is to see if the right hours and right rate are recorded and tax withholding is correct. Batch totals are compared with computer summary reports. Auditors could examine authorization in payroll records and personnel files. Substantive Tests of Transaction To test for exact dollar amount, hearers could recalculate gross and net pay.They also can compare pay rate with the industry, review cancel check withholdings by referring to tax tables and authorization forms in personnel file. iv. Key Audit Objective Posting and Summarization. Dodgers recorded payroll transaction properly included in the overlook file also properly summarized. Test of Control When payroll master file totals are compared with general ledger totals, listeners should examine initialed summary total reports indi cating that equation has been made. They also must examine indication of internal verification.Substantive Test of Transaction Test clerical accuracy by footing the payroll daybook and tracing postings to the journal ledger and the payroll master files. v. Key Audit Objective Classification Dodgers classify all payroll transaction properly and efficiently. Test of Control They should review charts of accounts. If the account classifications are internally verified, then they can examine indication of internal verification. Substantive Test of Transaction They can review time cards and job ticket, and trace through to labor distribution.They should compare classification with chart of accounts or procedures manual. vi. Key Audit Objective Timing Dodger must record all payroll transaction immediately, on the correct date and right amount. Test of Control Auditors should examine procedures manual and observe when recording takes place and examine indication of internal verification . Substantive Test of Transaction The attendee compare date on checks with date in the payroll journal and compare date on check with date the check cleared the bank. 2. What internal control weaknesses were evident in the Dodgers payroll system?Internal control is a process, affected by an entitys board of director, management and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in reliability of financial reporting, effectiveness and efficiency of operations and compliance with laws and regulations. Internal control weakness in the Dodgers Payroll System are from the design of internal control, no independent check and performance, no separation of duties, the weakness of work environment, and required vacation for senior manager. . Design of internal control Campos, the operations payroll chief have designed the internal control by himself and implemented a new payroll system that only can be fully understand by him. As we know, t he purpose of design the internal control is to prevent or detect material misstatement in the financial statement. Due to this case, Campos can easily commit fraud because there are no other people that can understand the design of the internal control. ii. No independent check and performanceCampos controlled the system so completely that he personally filled out the weekly payroll card for each of the four hundred employees. He can record any fraudulent statement because there is no evidence that shows whether the record is reliable or not. iii. No separation of duties Campos took advantage of his authorization because he was the trusted employee who got trusted too much from Dodges. When he was on vacation, he came back and did the payroll. There is no separation of the custody of assets from accounting. A person who has temporary or permanent custody of an asset should not account for that asset.This is because by allowing one person to perform both function increases the risk of that person disposing of the asset for personal gain and adjusting the records to cover up the theft. As we can see in this case, Campos was the only one who responsible for every task. iv. Weakness of the work environment There is collusion between employees and management. This showed that both Campos and his cohort have low work ethic. Campos routinely inflated the number of hours worked by several employees and then split the resulting over payment fifty-fifty with those individuals.In addition to this, Campos also embezzle several hundred thousand dollars from his employer. 3. Identify audit procedure that might have led to the discovery of the fraudulent scheme mastermind by Campos. Audit procedure is the detailed instruction for the collection of a type of audit evidence that is to be obtained at some time during the audit. i. The auditor must understand clearly the flow chart Auditor should go through the Dodgers payroll flow chart. The auditor must understand clearly the flow chart. From that, the auditor can trace how the payroll system is going on actually.Then, the auditor would see there are no independent checks that have been done by Campos. The payroll department also does not have segregation of duties and all that work is done by Campos only. ii. The auditor can interview employees in payroll department. The auditor can interview employees in payroll department. The auditor can ask whatever question that they think its very important and need to know. Like, how much Campos pay for daily operations works for every level of staff, and how Campos manage the time card. The auditor will know more detailed about the payroll process. ii. The auditor test for nonexistent employees For make sure the all transaction that have recorded by Campos and payroll department is really exist and they make payment to the non fictitious employees, the auditor compare names on cancelled checks with the time card have created. The auditor can scan the endorsemen t on cancelled checks. Furthermore, auditor also can make comparison on personal files of employees with time card that created. Other than that, the auditor can run test of control by spoted transaction in the payroll with Human Resources department.The auditor can select a week check transaction and examine the first fifty checks, select the fifty checks with the largest amounts, select the checks randomly or select those checks the auditor thinks are most likely to be in error or a combination of this method could be used. Besides that, the auditor crave surprise payroll payoff from payroll department. When the auditor requests for payroll payoff suddenly, for sure the payroll department do not chance and do not have enough time to make correction on their system. So, Auditor will see the real transaction that have make by that department. Finally, the uditor can trace the misstatement, fraud and error easily. iv. The auditor tests for fraudulent hours Other than that, the audi tor also can reconcile the total hours paid in the payroll records with and independent record of hours worked. Auditor would see, if payroll record transaction is true based on the time card or not. The auditor can trace if the record keeping employees have intention to do that fraud. v. The auditor compare pay rates with the same positions in other baseball team in the league. The auditor also should understand business nature and make comparison with another similar business nature.From that result, the auditor will know how much is exactly pay rates usually paid to the professional baseball. After done that activity, the auditor is able to identify the pay rates that put by Campos to the every level worker is it relevance or not. vi. The auditor examines the large payroll checks. Last steps, that auditor use to discover the fraud is by examine the largest payroll checks out. The auditor reconciles the checks between the payroll record, time card, and all relevance data. Auditor would see which one fictitious transaction that has been made by Campos.

Homework 6a Operations

Justin Prater Chapter 6A 3, 4, 9, and 14 3) a. b. Cycle sentence = production time per twenty-four hours/required output per day = (8 hour/day)(3600 seconds/hour)/240 units per day = 120 seconds per unit c. Work station assign Task time Idle time I AD 6050 10 II BC 8020 20 III EF 9030 0 IV GH 3060 30 d. Efficiency = Task time / stations X avg. bi hertz time) = = . 875 or 87. 5% 4) a. A B F C D E G 30 35 15 65 H 30 35 40 25 A B F C D E G 30 35 15 65 H 30 35 40 25 b. What is the workstation cycle time? Cycle time = production time per day/required output per day Cycle time = 27000 / 360 = 75 seconds. . figure this balance inventory using the largest number of following toils. Use the longest task time as a secondary criterion. 275 / 75 = 3. 66 in that location should be a minimum of 4 work stations Work station Task Task time Idle time I sense experience 303015 0 II BD 3535 5 III F 65 10 IV GH 4025 10 d. What is the readiness of your balance line? 91. 7% 9. A B F C D E G 20 7 15 10 H 20 22 16 8 A B F C D E G 20 7 15 10 H 20 22 16 8 a. Cycle time = production time per day/required output per day Cycle time = 25200 / 750 = 33. 6 seconds. b. What is the theoretical number of workstations? workstations = sum of task times / cycle time 118 / 34 = 3. 5 There is a minimum number of 4 workstations. c. Draw the precedence diagram d. Balance the line using sequential restrictions and the longest-operating time rule. Work station Task Task time Idle time Feasible Rem. T. Tasks w/ most foll Task w/ longest t. I AB 207 147 B B B II DF 2210 122 F F F III C 20 14 IV EG 1516 193 G G G V H 8 26 e. What is the efficiency of the line balanced as in d? Efficiency = add up of task times / ( workstations X Cycle time) = 118 / (5 X 34) = . 70Efficiency = 70% f. Suppose that demand rose from 750 to 800 units per day. What would you do? Show all amounts or calculations. New cycle time = 25200/800 = 31. 2 seconds Reduce cycle time to 31 seconds and work 62-3 min ute overtimes. g. Suppose that demand rose from 750 to 1000 units per day. What would you do? Show any amounts or calculations. New cycle time = 25200/1000 = 25. 2 seconds 1. 89 hours overtime may be better to rebalance. 14) Develop two alternative layouts. What is the efficiency of your layouts? A B F C D E G 1 1 3 1 H 2 1 1 2 1 I A B F C D E G 1 1 3 1 H 2 1 1 2 1 I Cycle time = 4 minutesWhat is the theoretical number of workstations? workstations = sum of task times / cycle time 13 / 4 = 3. 25 Work station Task Task time Idle time Feasible Rem. T. Tasks w/ most foll Task w/ longest t. I ABC 11 2 32 0 B,F C,D B C,D B,F C IIIIIIV DEFGHI 131121 303203 EGH EGH EGH Work station Task Task time Idle time Feasible Rem. T. Tasks w/ most foll Task w/ longest t. I AFG 11 1 32 1 B,F G B G B,F G IIIIIIV BCDEHI 311321 313021 C,DEI C,DEI C,DEI

Chattel Slavery as a Institution

St. Vincent and the grenadines community college The Caribbean A history of chattel striverry and what it brought to the Caribbean An Internal Assessment Okieve Graham 12/1/2011 By the 19th century the buckle d confess ship had brought much more than chattel slaves to the Caribbean. entering Chattel hard workerry affected the Caribbean by bringing it from its Mesoameri bum roots to the vibrant mix of operates that coexist and cohabitate it today. The Afri preserves and other races brought their art, music and their very way of life to the Caribbean.I am researching this topic to go in depth and examine how the Caribbean came to be what it is today. I am driven to research this topic because it means something to us as a good deal, something that is worth knowing, and something that is worth teleph whizzing. It will bring the bond with our ancestral ties stronger than ever before. fellowship is power and knowing our past will make us linked to hotshot some other. This is a graduation to unity to us in the Caribbean. at that place are arguments against this view and blatant disregard for the obvious changes in the world sustain been made.There are some with the beliefs of White triumph scarce all this adds in the mix of different beliefs in the Caribbean. Never before in history have an entire golf-club and race of people have been affected in such a large scale. N wholenesstheless, one can give thanks to our European forefathers, if those so farts did not occur, the Caribbean could not be the community as we k unused it today. Chattel thraldom not only brought commerce to its geographically unique location still it as well as resulted in a rich and colorful world, complete with its own mix of goals, music, art and belief systems. Chapter 1 Origin of Chattel Slavery in the CaribbeanThe term chattel is defined as an article of tangible, personal property. One can therefore see the underlying effect of the choice of words in comparison to how the Europeans viewed the black race. They viewed the African race as a sub-species, animalistic and inhumane. This was because of their color and their religion and way of life. One must remember the Europeans believed that their religion was the only one and true way so that means their way of life was viewed as pagan. Eric Williams however stated that Slavery was not born of racism rather, racism was the consequence of slaveholding.Unfree drive in the New World was brown, white, black and yellow Catholic, Protestant and Pagan (7) It is his opinion that racism was not a beneficial factor in the creation of the institution of Slavery but in my gain ground studies, race did in fact play an important role in the enslavement of the African people. Also, one can see from Williams deduction that religion also played a role, it was categorized according to what race you were. The labor force however comprised of the Mesoamerican inhabitants of the Caribbean, White indentured servants f rom Europe and Africans.White indentured servants were whites who swear outed in the Caribbean. There is a notable difference in their title in that, they were called servants instead of slaves. Again, white supremacy reigned in the society at that cadence. There was an economic need for cheap labor, hence Africans were in juicy abundance and it was quite cheap to acquire them and ship them across through the Atlantic to the New World. They were also a form of human capital, being property a value was put all over their head. The currency which procured a white mans services for ten years could buy a inkiness for life.The economic superiority of free hired labor over slave is obvious even to the slave owner. Slave labor is given reluctantly, it is unskillful, and it lacks versatility. Not so much that the Europeans were the only ones playing a piece of music in enslaving the Africans, but it was also African sons and brothers who helped to facilitate this. There were the men wh o were paid to acquire the required persons for shipment. They were know as middlemen, so one can see, whereas one African might think he was one of his own, they came to enslave and doom their own.In return for capturing the Africans, the Europeans provided those sub-par weapons and tools, not worth the total price but to the wild middlemen, they were of the best quality. In essence, Greed was a major player in this. Eric Williams stated in his work that Here, then is the origin of Negro slavery. The reason was economic, not racial it has to do not with the color of the laborer, but the cheapness of labor. As compared with Indian and white labor, Negro slavery was eminently superior. (19) From his perspective, an economic one, his deductions has all the right attached to it.Negro slavery is indeed superior to all other races of slavery but from some other view, the Europeans did have pre-existing prejudice towards the blackamoor people, their hate and prejudice towards them wa s just amplified when encountered the Negros. This view have even been backed by Hilary Beckles and Verene sheepherder when they stated This was a unique form of domination in which one group was defined and used another group as property in which people were targeted for slavery because of their race they were described as sub-human, and they were bonded to each other for life. Chattel slavery brought economic power to the Caribbean and the lives of the Negroid people has been scarred ever since the advent of African Slavery. Chattel slavery brought much more than a few million people, a whole new race to our shores. Hilary Beckles and Verene Shepherd expressed the enslaved people survived and they defend their humanity and identity and over time they redefined themselves as a new, vibrant heathenish force. (137) Chapter Two Culture, Art, medicine & Religion The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean was a perilous one.Tribes from all over western Africa such as the Mande and the Mandingo congregated and stacked like sardines in one deck. They were separated from the rest of refinement and their family. Often, they could not speak to one another, whether it is by difference in language or values. Never the less, the African people adapted and they banded together, took on cultural customs and traditions that strengthened their ethnic identity. They developed attitudes and practices that shaped the Caribbean civilization as we know it today. The main idea to understand is that they were scattered.No one African was acquainted with another upon arrival, meaning they were of different tribes, different backgrounds, cultural beliefs and language. They may have had knowledge of these people before but for the first time in their life, this is where they got to be acquainted with each other. There, they shared views, beliefs, customs and their languages. For some, it was the first time they had encountered the Europeans. Rather, some had previous knowledge of the Europeans through trade, migration and war. As a result of this, some may have had knowledge of Christianity and European languages even before arrival in the Caribbean.This cultural reshaping that Africans and Europeans experienced is called creolisation. Thus, those combined with the culture of Africans and Europeans, born into the Caribbean became known as Creoles. They procured rites and rituals that exist even to this day. Simple events that we know of today are because of the forerunners, our ancestors. They detect and preserved the rites and rituals that were a part of life in Africa. The coming together of these African and Post-African ideas came together to fashion an Afro-Caribbean community as we know it today.Rituals such as lighting up the grave, an event that we are hearty of at the end of October were part of African culture. It was a part of paying respects to our ancestor and warding our own selves from harmful spirits. Similar to this are funeral procedurals. The Africans believed that death was just the start of a journey to pass over from toil to reward and in their case at the time, a life of slavery to an eternity of freedom. Beckles and Shepherd stated in their book that the power of ancestors was central to African-Caribbean culture. To know ancestors was to know ones cultural identity. (140) They procured dances and music as rituals that again pay respects to their ancestors and celebration of them. It was an intense ritual in which it was verbalise the person was possessed in order to feel the waves and moves of the dance. This was their way of attributing their ancestors, to demonstrate that in the Caribbean Africans had their own recognize ancestral culture that was still important to them. Events on holidays and labor free days were a time of friendship and kinship. It was a time of sharing with their enslaved brothers in times of despair.They often danced on evenings (which became a part of the African-Caribbean culture). T hey even formed festivals where they danced and celebrated, one notable festival is the Crop-Over festival in Barbados, one that is still mishap even today. They had even more established festivals and rituals where they danced such as the Gombay festival, John Canoe dance and the Kumina dance. There are even more dances each that are identifiable to each different colony in the Caribbean. They collective their religion from Africa in the West Indies.They brought their spirit based religions such as obeah or voodoo and myal. It was the belief of the people that it was possible for the living to use ancestral spirits to determine the in store(predicate) and to shape the nature of social events. The myal and obeah religion was a high prolific aspect in the community. It was used for removing curses, cures for illnesses, bless children and curious insights. Incorporation with European beliefs and African gave birth to what we know as the Baptist religious belief today. This aspect of religion is still up today and continues to make its mark on the community.Its not going anywhere time soon, even now most grand-parents and parents believe and attend Baptist churches across the nations of the Caribbean. notably however, West Indian Cricket became an important aspect in their communities. Cricket was invented by the English and thusly it founds it way into the Caribbean during a period of war between Britain and France. The Africans observed it and began to practice it. Cricket quickly became incorporated in their communities as entertainment away from the hard days of field work. In conclusion of this chapter, the Africans brought a host of their art, religions, beliefs and cultures.They mixed and nurtured the combination of cultures that clashed in the Caribbean. They formed it to be their own and formed a new way of life. The cultural rites and rituals that exist today, that pay respect to their Ancestors while carving a path to the future, the dances that p rovided entertainment that procured kinship and friendship among the communities and the wider area the colonies, the art and music that is unique to the Caribbean, the only place in the world, forms a cultural boom that wavelengths across the Caribbean and make what makes the Caribbean our home.Bibliography 1. Hilary Beckles, Shepherd, Verene. Liberties Lost Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems. United Kingdom Cambridge University Press, 2004. 2. Williams, Eric. capitalism and Slavery. United States of America The University of trade union Carolina Press, 1994. 3. Verene Shepherd, Beckles, Hilary. Caribbean Slavery in the Atlantic World. Jamaica Ian Randle Publishers, 2000 1 . Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery. United States of America, The University of North Carolina Press, 1994, 19 2 .Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery. United States of America, The University of North Carolina Press, 1994, 6 3 . Hilary Beckles, Liberties Lost Caribbean Indigenous Societ ies and Slave Systems. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 137 4 . Hilary Beckles, Liberties Lost Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 138 5 . Hilary Beckles, Liberties Lost Caribbean Indigenous Societies and Slave Systems. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 147

Maya Angelou’s Phenomenal Woman: Positive Attributes of a Black Woman

Now you understand just wherefore my heads non bowed, I dont shout or jump some(predicate) or have to talk real loud. When you see me passing it ought to make you proud I dictate its the click of my heels, the bend of my hair, the palm of my hand, the need for my grapple cause Im a woman phenomenally, phenomenal woman, thats me (Angelou 1). Phenomenal Woman, a poem written by Maya Angelou about the irresponsible attributes of a blackened woman. Maya Angelou is a black actor writer and civil rights activist.Growing up during the quantify black people were fighting for civility, Maya Angelou has come from a generation of black people who were criticized for their skin mask a generation where becoming an actor was as far-fetched as an black woman going to the moon. scour though now there are more black women in the entertainment world the passage of the black woman is still pretty much the same. Today the medias portrayal of black women is a loud foul mouthed hot headed ghet to du-rag wearing hood-rat on welfare who dont take care of her kids because she chasing after a man.In the 18 to 1900s black women were known as sassy mammies who ran their own homes with compress fists including berating black husbands and children (Abagond 1). Another name that was used towards black women was a sapphire, which was described as bitchy stubborn and hateful. During the early 1900s every role of a black woman was that of a despiteful baseless vindictive black woman who demeans and beats her husband. Continuing through the 70s with the show Good Times, Esther Rolle play Florida Evans a house wife who lives in the projects of Chicago, the media once again portrayed the black woman as just that, angry. During the Jim Crow period, when real blacks were often beaten, jailed, or killed for arguing with whites, fictional Mammies were allowed to pretend-chastise whites, including men. Their sassiness was supposed to indicate that they were authorized as members of the w hite family, and acceptance of that sassiness implied that slavery and segregation were not overly oppressive. Another example of a Sapphire was the character Pamela (Pam) James played by Tichina Arnold, who appeared on Martin, a situational comedy that aired from 1992 to 1997 on the throw network.Pam, Martins girlfriend Ginas best friend and neighbor was a badmouthed, wisecracking friend/ opposite of the lead character, Martin. Tichina Arnold, the actress who played Pam, also plays Rochelle, a dominating, aggressive matriarch in the situational comedy, Everybody Hates Chris, which ran from 2005 to 2009, and is still aired on cable television. Although most of the sitcoms are used for entertainment people tend to believe that this is how every black woman is.Using derogatory jargon such Shaniqua and Aunt Jemima to describe African American women, numerous whites believe that what the media points out is not a stereotype but the truth. Arnold has mastered the role of the angry, bl ack woman. Although the numerical representation of African-Americans in contemporary television advertising has improved in recent years, the authors analysis illustrates how the potentially positive effects of including more African-Americans in advertisements are often mitigated by subtle anti-Semite(a) elements that suggest African-American inferiority. Even in earlier cartoons when blacks were drawn into character, they were drawn to look similar to monkeys with caliginous skin big pink lips and ears and not very intelligent. Cartoonists went as far as to even put a monkey in the cartoon and make the monkey smarter than the black people featured in the cartoon. This was done for the amusement of white people.From the first cartoons to the first black president black people not just women have been the center of ridicule, calling them coons and monkeys, even going as far as delineation shopping Michelle Obamas face to that of a monkeys keeping her hair and clothing the same. Cal doubting Thomas a commentator of Fox network stated that black women are usually angry about something theyve lost a son in a drive by shooting or angry at Bush. So you dont have a profile of non angry black women (Transcrpit Fox, 2008).Works CitedEDu paper Jatau, Mary. (2009). Western Medias Commodification and Consumption of African Women A Review of Three News Channels. UC Los Angeles UCLA union for the accept of Women. Retrieved from http//escholarship.org/uc/item/9gs2q469 1. Bristor, Julia M., Michlle R. Hunt, and Renee G. Lee. Race and Ideology African-American Images in Television Advertising. Journal of Public form _or_ system of government & Marketing 14.1 (1995) 48-59. Print. 2.Rucker, C. E. and Cash, T. F. (1992), Body images, body-size perceptions, and eating behaviors among African-American and white college women. Int. J. Eat. Disord., 12 291299 none 3.Schooler, D., Monique Ward, L., Merriwether, A. and Caruthers, A. (2004), Whos That Girl Televisions Role In Th e Body Image Development Of Young White And Black Women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28 3847. none Jatau, Mary. (2009). 4. Western Medias Commodification and Consumption of African Women A Review of Three News Channels. UC Los Angeles UCLA Center for the Study of Women. Retrieved from http//escholarship.org/uc/item/9gs2q469. 5. Abagond (2008, March 7). The Sapphire Stereotype. Abagond. Retrieved from http//abagond.wordpress.com/2008/03/07/the-sapphire-stereotype/. 6. Bad times on the Good times set. (1975 September). Ebony.

Mcdonald’s Business Ethics

McDonalds Ethics Or Lack of Ethics Dymirra G. Ambeau Test Drive College McDonalds was founded in San Bernardino, CA in the year 1940 by Richard and Maurice McDonald. The two brothers sold their fast food restaurant to a milk shake salesman named Ray Kroc in the year of 1961. Kroc believed in conformity, uniformity and the ethic of mass production. future(a) the ethic of mass production Kroc began to use frozen beef patties and genetically-modified potatoes to ensure uniform taste.McDonalds as well pays minimum wage to their fermenters, who essentially do assembly line, factory-type work. If you were to reclassify the work they do to factory work that would add about 3. 5 million manufacturing jobs to the U. S. economy, at a time when such jobs are rapidly being exported overseas. From a statistical point of view, it would make the U. S. seem like an industrial powerhouse once again, instead of an ageing superpower threatened by low-cost competitors (Schlosser, 2004).Despite the objections of McDonalds, the term McJob was added to Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary in 2003. The word McJob means a low-paying job that requires little skill and provides little opportunity for advancement. McDonalds is the worlds largest distributor of toys, which it includes with kids meals which were introduced in June 1979. It has been alleged that the use of popular toys encourages children to eat more McDonalds food, thereby contributing to many childrens health problems, including a rise in obesity.Many parents werent happy and said that giving toys with childrens meals circumvents parental control and teaches children unhealthy eating habits. One mother sued McDonalds and went on to say, I object to the fact that McDonalds is getting into my kids heads without my permission and very changing what my kids want to eat. McDonalds now features fruits, salad, and healthier drinks but continues to give out toys. This was non the first time McDonalds has been sued. McDo nalds has been sued multiple times for health related issues.They have likewise been fined twice for breaking child labor laws. In 2001 the company was fined 12,400 British Pounds Sterling by British magistrates for illegally employing and over-working child labor in one of its London restaurants. This is thought to be one of the largest fines compel on a company for breaking laws relating to child working conditions. In April 2007 in Perth, Western Australia, McDonalds pleaded dishonored to five charges relating to the employment of children under the age of 15 in one of its outlets and was fined $8,000 AUD.Still, McDonalds has a few good ethics. They own the Ronald McDonald House Charities, an organization that helps families with critically ill or injured children who must go to fulfill their healthcare needs. They also host an annual event at McDonalds called McHappy Day where a percentage of the days sales go to charities. McDonalds also tries to help the environment by usi ng biomass power plants to cut its waste and carbon footprint in half where biomass power plants are available.Theyve also reduced the amount of packing for their food by 46% since the year 1970. Overall, weight reductions in packaging and products, as well as the increased usage of bulk packaging ultimately fall packaging by 24 million pounds annually. References http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Happy_Meal http//www. neumann. edu/academics/divisions/business/journal/review_08/gibison. pdf http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ray_KrocMcDonald. 27s http//www. guardian. co. uk/business/2010/dec/19/mcdonalds-happy-meals-sued-california http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/McDonalds animadversion

Jung’s Unconscious Mind Essay

In his description and explanation of the fourth dimension of the unconscious(p)(p) mind, Carl Jung uses an example involving nonpargonil of his longanimouss to justify his addition of the collective unconscious as the fourth part of Freuds unconscious mind. His patient had successfully double-dyed(a)d the psychoanalytic serve up of transference but was still not cured. This was the end of the process of psychoanalytic transference developed and practiced by Sigmund Freud. This led Jung to believe that the unconscious consisted of more than the components of repression, as was believed by Freud.If what she had been repressing had been discovered and was now being embraced in her conscious mind, her condition should project ameliorate according to Freuds theory. Her condition had not improved thus, Jung felt that there must be more. Jung began to sense of smell to her dreams, which he believed to be essentially photos of the unconscious mind at work. He establish patterns th at appeared ideal to and should run through allowed psychoanalytic transference to function sufficiently. Despite her achievement of transference, the woman was still not well. He go along to observe her dreams.She had likened him, the doctor, to an amalgamation of her arrive and a lover who embodied the admirable traits of her grow just as the process would call for. This should have led to her cure but it did not. Due to the fact she had not that improved, he continued to observe her dreams until one day, he realized that she had likened him not just to the amalgamation of father and lover but, to a more divine figure. Though she was not a religious person, he count on that she had a longing for a god welling up from our deepest darkest instinctual nature (Jung, 492).Her problem was not one of pent-up seeings but a longing for something higher to guide and protect her. Possibly in the time that her father was a perish, he was able to serve that purpose. With him gone, the u rge regained influence. The urge was not one of conscious mind. It was an attempt to knock back the Christian faith she had abandoned with something real. She likened the doctor to a god and because she knew her relationship with the doctor to be intimate, it helped her to feel closer to god. Freuds definition of the unconscious mind included only things that had once been present in the conscious mind.The patient had never encountered the symbolic, ancient deities that were represented by the father figure of her dreams. There was a demand for more content in the definition of the unconscious mind. This psychological phenomenon has affected my attitude toward organized religion as well. I, like the patient in this case, abandoned my Christian upbringing for a more doubter and eclectic practice. It is no doubt that there is such an instinctual nature to attempt to define and relate to the divine. It whitethorn be observed in the fact that people of all cultures, in all parts of the man have some type of religious belief and practice.There are many different types. The make lies in their existence alone. Though they may vary in many ways, they are all a burden of this passion which wells up from the deepest, darkest part of our beings. Of course, religion today has become part of our experience. During our childhood, we are introduced to religion by our parents. The proof of the unconscious minds longing is in the founders of these religions. These people had a passion that drove them to do more than they were required. The feelings of hunger, thirst and cold required them to hunt and seek shelter.These actions were result based purely of an experiential nature. Some of these people were smashing at what they had to do and were able to live more or less comfortably. Their minds had the leisure to allow the unconscious mind to play during their dreams. Given the chance, the unconscious mind played with the images of the divine. It drew from the collective u nconscious of prototypic imagery. It gave them hints that there was more to what could be seen. It offered images of things good and offered means of achieving them. These men, these dreamers, acted out their dreams.They paid homage to what their intuitions, their unconscious minds, had sh aver them. They performed rituals imitating creatures not of this world. They went into trances and allowed themselves to be controlled completely by the unconscious mind. They performed the first rituals. They allowed their unconscious desires to dictate their actions. For these men, religion was intuitive. Now, we get the religious experience with its images and concepts, fed to us in a spoon with our mashed carrots. For us, we are conditioned into religion. I have always been more of a nonconformist.When I became old enough to question why, to critically examine more abstract concepts, to use my experiences of reality as a gage against what I was being told, I stepped out of conformity. At tha t point, I was antichristian. Free of the dogmas and the shelters they provided, my unconscious mind sought some sort of nourishment to quench the thirst for the fulfillment of spiritual energies. send off of the path, I soon found myself lost. So what did I do? I did what came natural. I delved into other religions. I began to study Buddhist teachings. I studied the Shinto practiced in Japan.I learned some the caste system of Indian culture. Why all this? I suppose that I needed to. I had interpreted out a part of my life and needed to fill it back in. I had taken away the food for my spiritual appetite. I broke my relationship to the divine. I was discontent with no buns to release my spiritual energies. However, this was not a conscious decision. Outside of the Christian tradition within which I was brought up, I felt the genuine need for fulfillment of divine nature. For something bigger than myself and bigger than mankind as a whole. No one told me I had to find a proper out let for spiritual energies.I was compulsive by an unknown force, a curiosity that masked a deeper desire to relate to the divine. I wandered. I stumbled. I tripped, fell, got back up and tripped again. Masked as curiosity, the passion of my unconscious mind has driven me to explore different methods. I have thumbed through religious books from all over the world. I attend religious ceremonies and festivals of different origin. My unconscious mind has created this curiosity in order to fulfill its own desire to be a part of and to be connected to something greater. I have abandoned my antichristian lay now.I now exist outside of Christianity and am able to gaze upon it as an objective observer. I agree with many Christian principles. I agree with them though, on my own terms, in my own understanding. I stepped away from the religion to which I had been conditioned. I explored others as was deemed necessary by my curiosities and I have found some things that I believe to be true, so me things that make me feel closer to the divine. The unconscious includes the ego, the superego, and the id. undesired memories are pushed into the unconscious mind to be put aside. They can cause many ailments when not flop discarded.These ailments may be alleviated by methods such as psychoanalytical transference. However, even after complete transference has been completed, there is still activity taking place in the unconscious mind. It is not express to repression. Also dwelling in the subconscious mind is a collective consciousness composed of archetypal images and instincts. This is responsible for the imagery of our dreams, the universal perceptions of beauty and the desire to be somehow linked to the divine. I have seen it in my life and I have evidence of it in the fact that religion is present and dominates more or less every society around the globe.